20 Research Essay Topics Interesting Issues about the Profession of a Medical Assistant

Delivering Care for Patients Essay -- Health Care, Nursing

This exposition is a graphic record of my experience thinking about a patient with an assortment of necessities. The patient I will recognize has the accompanying ceaseless sickness of schizophrenia, dementia, physical handicap, poor cleanliness. In this manner, kindly note that the patient conditions will be assessed all through. Due to privacy, I will submit to the Code of Professional Conduct (2008). As an enrolled nurture, you should regard individuals' entitlement to classification. I will allude my patient as Patient A. I have been allocated to work with a patient who has been admitted to an intense clairvoyant ward. On oversight I was dispense to work with persistent An, after from her conditions it is seen that quiet A will not draw in with others. She is a multi year old lady who experiences propelled dementia having transient memory misfortune which she can't review ongoing occasions leaving her in a befuddled and forceful state. Because of her psychological state, she has issues going to her own cleanliness and making it hard to shower, wash, dressing or eating autonomously. With help she is given a Zimmer casing to energize her strolling. The explanation is on the grounds that she has sore on the two legs making it hard to pick up balance all alone. With a long history of schizopherina, she won't conform to prescription when given day by day of fluxoetine 10mg to help with her mind-set issue. By and large, tolerant an is held and doesn't include herself with different individuals on the ward o r exercises with CPN and inclines toward remaining in her room since its her customary range of familiarity of security. Normal gatherings are held with tolerant An and her wellbeing experts to evaluate her needs all together for movement. When conveying care for patients, the principle factor w... ...term psychological maladjustment are probably going to experienced troubles in building up and keep up close to home relationship, regularly bring about poor systems of help and social incorporation. Hence with oversight, I felt that Patient A required solace in view of her troubling occasions because of her disease. All experts visited her routinely to guarantee that she comprehended her condition and manners by which to improve her status. felt that I was unable to do much as it was hard to draw in with tolerant A due to her animosity towards me, however I was certain that all experts were assessed her needs in the ward. As per NMC set of accepted rules (2008), the medical attendant must help individuals in thinking about themselves to improve and keep up their wellbeing. The consequence of this will influence tolerant An as well as the staff group and I to convey care to her.

Chai Teas a Low-Key Gut-Health Hero - and Thats Just One of Its Many Health Benefits

Chai Tea’s a Low-Key Gut-Health Hero - and That’s Just One of Its Many Health Benefits Chai is a beverage colored in history as rich as its taste. It’s very name means “tea” in Hindi, and it is a word many nations worldwide use for tea.But chai is not tea in the truest sense of the world, it is more of a collection of spices mixed together and put into a type of drink very much like the tea we are familiar with.Chai has become so widespread that there are a plethora of recipes for preparing it, varying from continent to continent, even from family to family.The most common way of making it is putting spices into black tea â€" cinnamon, cloves, black peppercorn, cardamom, even ginger.Brew this mixture in milk, taste it, and you’ll see just why chai is so popular a beverage.But what really matters for this text is: does chai have any beneficial effects on our health? It very much does.As tasty as it is, chai is also just as healthy. Let’s see just how chai works to make us strong and healthy!CHAI TEA: THE ORIGINS OF A BEVERAGEThere is an ancient legend of the o rigins of chai.According to the story, long ago, a rich and famous king grew ill, so he summoned all the most renowned sages of his land (today’s India), and asked to concoct a brew with healing properties, so he could be healed.The sages gathered and found the solution in the ancient healing tradition of Ayurveda.Ayurveda works by utilizing various types of spices in the process of healing.Ginger and black pepper, allegedly, improve digestion because of their heat.Cinnamon was used to fixing respiratory issues. Cardamom was used to improve one’s mood, and cloves had the role of painkillers.By combining these spices together, they created chai.Interestingly enough, there weren’t any actual tea leaves in the original mixture.That came a lot later in its history. Even milk and sugar are a fairly recent addition.All this came to be in the 1800s, during the period of the British rule in India.In that period, the British discovered and cultivated a strain of Camellia sinensis, call ed Camellia sinensis assamica.This tea plant was just what the British needed, since their passion for good, strong tea, served with a bit of milk and sugar, of course, was already very well known. WHAT IS CHAI TEA MADE OF? There are many different ways of making chai, and because of so many variations, the definitive recipe for making chai does not exist.However, there are four basic components presents in basically every variant of chai, and we shall discuss all four of them.1.  Spices The word for spices used in brewing chai is masala, and their exact mixture differs from region to region. Those most available throughout India we’ve already mentioned: cardamom, black peppercorns, cinnamon, and cloves are widely used even today.Later on, there came new additions to this formula when vanilla, nutmeg, fennel and star anise were introduced, and they are still in use.As chai grew in popularity and the number of fans grew, new spices entered the mixture.Bay leaf, saffron, cacao, and allspice became a popular novelty, alongside with coriander and cumin, further increasing the number of potential spice mixtures.2.  Sweeteners When it comes to sweeteners, the most typically used sweeteners used for brewing chai are sugar (both brown and white sugar) and honey.However, other sweeteners are gradually introduced as well.Coconut, demerara, and turbinado are also widely used, while in some parts of India people use jaggery, which is, essentially, unrefined cane sugar.3.  Milk In India, the way chai is typically brewed is by using buffalo milk.When it comes to Western variations, cow milk is much more accessible, so this type of milk is in greater use.There are some alternatives to cow milk: coconut milk, soy milk, rice milk, even almond milk are excellent options, while worldwide, even goat and yak milk are used for making chai.Since recipes differ so much, the milk is used differently as well.According to some recipes, milk is used to dilute the chai previously cooked in water, in order to mellow the taste a bit.Other recipes suggest using either pure milk or a mixture of milk and water to brew this beverage.4.  Tea And finally, we get to actual tea leaves. When it comes to the sorts of tea used in chai making are two types of black tea native to India: the Assam and the Darjeeling.However, you can use more or less any type of tea as a base for chai.Green teas, yerba mate, both are perfectly suitable for chai, or you can simply disregard tea leaves and make chai without them.CHAI TEA AND OUR HEALTHAs we have already mentioned, chai is originally created for healing purposes.But does it actually have any healing properties?It most certainly does.Despite the fact that some aspects of traditional healing practices are all but effective, the mixtures used for brewing chai can be of great help when it comes to health.1.  Heart Rate Improvement Earlier in the text, we’ve mentioned how cinnamon has quite a positive effect, for it lowers and stabilize s blood pressure.There are even documented cases showing that show the drop of the LDL type of cholesterol, triglycerides, and the common cholesterol by nearly 30%!The studies used much higher doses than those found in chai, but the effects are obvious nonetheless.It must be noted, however, that cinnamon is not the only ingredient of chai connected to heart rate improvement.Another important factor regarding heart rate is the black tea leaves themselves.Black tea is noted to have very positive effects on cholesterol reduction and bringing your heartbeat to healthy and acceptable levels.The majority of researches show that, if a person drinks four cups of black tea per day (or more), after a period of time the reduction of blood pressure levels becomes evident.Three or more cups per day reduce the risk of potential heart issues by up to 11%.As good as all this sound, these data do not absolutely confirm the magnitude of chai tea’s effects.These results are more than promising, but for them to be confirmed beyond doubt, we need research on more direct effect chai tea has on the overall health of our heart.2.  Reduction of Blood Sugar Levels When it comes to regulating the levels of sugar in your blood, chai tea proves its usefulness even in this case.This is because of the fact that it often has cinnamon and ginger within its mixture, and these spices are considered to be very effective when it comes to blood sugar control.Cinnamon, for instance, can reportedly reduce insulin resistance buy up to 30%!If you’re having issues with blood sugar, this will be of great help to you.Lowering the insulin resistance enables it to be more effective when it comes to distributing sugar out of your bloodstream and straight into your cells, which can be of great help with regulating your blood sugar levels.Some recent studies seem to confirm this.People suffering from type 2 diabetes were given daily doses of ginger powder (2g per dose).When it was over, the data gathered showed that the patients’ level of blood sugar was actually lowered by 12%.If you decide to try and use chai tea in order to reduce your blood sugar levels, you need to know that the amount of cinnamon and ginger usually found within an average cup of chai tea is too small to have any notable effect.For this reason, it would be smart for you to make chai on your own instead of buying it, so you can add as much cinnamon and ginger as you need.Another good reason why brewing your own customized chai tea is the fact that chai tea available at various teahouses and cafés are often made with a lot of various sweeteners put into the mixture.This much sweetness negates all beneficial effects of the chai, so that’s why should avoid sweeteners altogether.3.  Improvement of Digestion and Dealing with Nausea Aside from it being useful in controlling blood sugar levels, ginger can also be used to counter nausea as well. This comes handy, especially in the pregnancy period.According to seve ral studies, it takes only 1-1.5g of ginger per day to significantly reduce all the effects of nausea, just the amount you can find within the average cup of chai tea.Cinnamon comes to fore here as well, but aside ginger and cinnamon, cardamom and cloves can be used for this purpose as well.Cardamom and cloves possess some very effective anti-bacterial properties and are a great way of combating and reducing the intensity of the detrimental effects caused by bacterial infection.Yet another chai tea ingredient, black pepper, has also proved its use in a similar way.Certain researches have shown that black pepper possesses not only anti-bacterial properties, but it also able to increase the number of enzymes our body needs in order for us to successfully digest our food.Increased number of digestive enzymes leads to a much more effective digestive system, and that is always a plus.There is, however, a caveat to it. The studies mentioned were conducted on animals, and the amount of bla ck pepper used was 3-5 times higher than the amount an average human is able to consume.Thus, the data we mentioned cannot be considered conclusive, so new, more precise research is needed.4.  Help with Weight Loss and Weight Regulation Chai tea can be a great way for you to lose and control your weight.We have already mentioned that, in order to prepare a proper cup of chai tea, we need milk, and cow milk and soy milk are excellent sources of protein, which makes us feel less hungry.That way, chai tea is much more effective than some other types of tea when it comes to weight loss.Due to its high nutritional value and protein-rich content, you may use chai tea as a power drink or power snack.Even in this regard, black tea is effective, albeit during short periods of time.Black tea possesses certain chemical compounds which increase the efficiency of your body’s process of burning fat and reduces the amount of fat absorbed from the consumed food.Three cups of black tea per day sho uld be more than enough, according to some researches, but as we’ve said, the effect is lost after a while.It must be mentioned that the fat-burning effects of black pepper are observed primarily on animals. We are yet to see if black pepper is as equally effective.Also, since chai tea comes heavily sweetened in the stores and cafés, make sure you avoid this high-level sugar entry, since it would cancel any positive effect of black pepper.5.  Perfect Substitution for Coffee Since one of the key ingredients of chai tea is black tea, chai tea is rich with caffeine, so it can be used as a natural substitute for coffee.And with the spices added to the mix, drinking a cup of chai tea in the morning is a pretty effective way of waking yourself up, and giving yourself some of that ever so needed extra energy to get you through the day.It is hard to determine the exact level of caffeine concentration in chai tea since the number of black tea leaves differ from one cup/kind of chai tea to another.It is generally considered that an average cup of chai tea contains about one-third of the caffeine concentration found in the average cup of coffee.This is actually great for all of you need to stop drinking coffee (or severely reduce its intake).You’ll be able to drink several cups of chai tea per day without feeling the side effects that you usually get when drinking too much coffee and you won’t need to worry about the overly big daily dosage of caffeine.6.  Pain-Relieving Properties The pain-relieving features of chai tea have long since been noted.The mix of spices usually found within it is a very effective way of dealing with various pains and aches.They’re able to successfully alleviate even the more serious pains, such that of arthritis.This is thanks to the anti-inflammatory features some of its spices have, and some we’ve already mentioned: clove and ginger.Ginger is able to effectively deal with inflammations. In its root form, it can lessen the pain we feel while suffering from strong migraines, while common headaches pose even less of a problem.Ginger can also enhance your blood flow, thus helping the body deal with pain more quickly and efficiently.Clove, on the other hand, has been a mainstay in the homeopathic traditions worldwide.It is widely used for dealing with a toothache, and you can use it to create a special gel which strong anesthetic features similar to those of benzocaine.7.  Prevention of Chronic Deceases Chai tea is a polyphenol-rich beverage, which makes it very useful when it comes to destroying free radicals.Free radicals are compounds which damage our cells, and they are caused by chemicals and pollutants.Free radicals are connected with different kinds of cancer and Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s deceases.An average cup of chai tea contains a greater amount of polyphenols than it can be found in most fruits and vegetables.This means that drinking chai tea will help you protect your cells and enhance your he alth in general.Add to it the antioxidant nature of clove and cinnamon, and you get an additional defense against bacteria and viruses.Bonus feature: antioxidants are able to somewhat stop one’s aging!DOSAGE AND POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTSAn old Chinese saying says: “when things reach an extreme, they can only go in the opposite direction”.This essentially means that too much good can go bad.Taking this into consideration, and all the beneficial properties of chai tea, we cannot help but ask: “What is the optimal daily dosage of chai tea?”The answer is quite simple really: there isn’t any. It is still very unclear just how much chai tea a person should drink in order to feel all aforementioned the positive effects, nor do we know just how much chai tea is too much.Even the research conducted so far mostly focuses on individual features; but there are no conclusive results when it comes to creating the ultimate chai tea recipe, with all the ingredients mixed together so all of their individual beneficial properties are increased to their maximum strength.When it comes to side effects caused by drinking too much chai tea, one of the most obvious ones is the increased caffeine intake.Excessive amounts of caffeine in one’s body can cause high blood pressure, anxiety, sleeping problems, and increased blood pressure.Pregnant women should be especially careful in this case because they’d be in danger of miscarriage.Luckily, chai tea has significantly less caffeine than coffee, so it’s highly unlikely that a person can suffer the consequences of excessive caffeine intake.Still, better safe than sorry.Another important thing to have in mind is ginger and its effects.If you’re suffering from low blood pressure or low blood sugar, take care not to consume too much ginger while drinking chai tea.Either severely reduce the amount of ginger in your chai tea, or how simply don’t include it in the spice mixture.Finally, lactose-intolerant individuals should b ear in mind that milk is one of the most common chai tea ingredients, so they should either order or make chai tea with water instead of milk. HOW TO BREW CHAI TEA? As we have already stated, chai tea can be prepared in so many different ways.Different basic teas, different mixtures of spices, the sheer number of possible combinations are just astonishing!And since different teas have different optimal cooking temperatures, it would be wise to ask your tea vendor for instructions when it comes to proper brewing.Here are some pieces of advice you may find useful in case you want to test your skills and brew yourself a nice cup of chai tea.Depending on your taste, you can brew chai tea in water, milk, or the mixture of the two. Be careful not to let the milk boil, should you choose to brew your chai tea with milk, since that will distort the taste when done;If you’re brewing chai tea for the first time, use the instructions given by your vendor, or those written on the package. Intr oduce your own options as your taste and skill develop;If you’re brewing your tea in water, make sure that water is as pure as possible. Spring water would be an ideal choice, but if not available, use whatever you can. Don’t forget to keep your steeping vessel covered in order to avoid any potential heat loss;Don’t over steep your chai! If over steeped, chai tea becomes bitter, so try it out after the steeping period noted in the instructions, and if the taste suits you, stop steeping it. If not, steep it a bit longer;Black tea leaves and green tea leaves require different brewing temperatures. For black tea, you’ll need stronger temperatures and a bit more time for brewing. Chai tea with green tea as a basis should be steeped in lower temperatures.Please bear all this in mind, and do not hesitate to ask your vendor any and all questions regarding the proper tea brewing, and enjoy your very first cup of chai tea!If you need some recipes for making chai tea you can find them here, or you check out the link below. FINAL WORDChai tea is a timeless beverage, a mixture of various elements working in nigh-perfect synergy, providing both amazing and unique taste and the multitude of health benefits.Its popularity is more than deserved, and there is so much more it can offer.The full extent of its medical application is yet to be researched, but they are, beyond any doubt, most effective.But you don’t need to trust us â€" try it out for yourself, and see how it works.We’re sure you’ll love it!

End Human Trafficking Intervention Plan Paper - 1910 Words

Assessment of the Problem Human trafficking is the form of modern day slavery and it is a worldwide problem that affects our local communities. Human trafficking presents itself in two forms: sex trafficking and labor trafficking. Human trafficking touches people of all ages: children, young adults, and the elderly. Human trafficking is defined as, â€Å" the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of threat of use of force or other forms of coercion, or abduction,† (Lightfoot, p.1, 2013). According to the San Josà © Police Department there are approximately 600,000 to 800,000 people that are trafficked across international borders each year. Out those 800,000 people it is estimated that 18,000 to 20,000†¦show more content†¦He also states that government agrees that human trafficking is a problem, however, only about 15 million dollars has been invested over the past seven years. Acosta states that the tools needed are there, but there is a lack of wi ll in the political power, not enough public awareness, and that there are not enough resources. On a statewide level in California there are task forces assigned to combat human trafficking. In San Josà ©, California the task force assigned to fight against human trafficking is the San Josà © Police Department and Community Solutions. There are other agencies such as the YWCA that collaborate with law enforcement, legal advocates and pro-bono attorneys, victim service providers, faith communities and community activists. The most common human trafficking in the South Bay is Commercially Sexually Exploited Children, although sex trafficking of women and labor trafficking still occur. Community efforts include the Not for Sale campaign that provides awareness and resources for victims and at risk individuals. There is also currently a conference that is going to be held through FIGHT (What does this stand for?). The primary purpose of the conference is to motivate the community and local churches to get involved to fight against human trafficking. The conference will focus on education, creating positive change, abuse prevention programs for localShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War1559 Words   |  7 PagesWith the end of the â€Å"Cold War†, the hypothesis of war between states declined and created opportunities for peace and security. However, new types of conflicts, new challenges for maintaining international security and new threats to peace emerged. The U.S. attacks on September 11, 2001, marked a before and after in international relations, security concepts, and the emergence of new threats. Governments have had the necessity to change and to design new s trategies to address these new threats. FurthermoreRead MoreA Critical Examination Of The Factors Behind The Resilience Of Human Trafficking7557 Words   |  31 PagesA Critical Examination of the Factors behind the Resilience of Human Trafficking in the World Today Abstract This study set-out to examine the factors behind the resilience of human trafficking in the world today; with specific reference to the experience of the United States. The study was informed by the key assumption that the US cannot fight human trafficking human trafficking in isolation of the rest of the world, and that there is a need to for governments, intergovernmental and non-governmentalRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Modern Day Slave Exchange Essay1867 Words   |  8 PagesHuman trafficking is viewed as modern day slave exchange. It is a genuine crime under both global and national legal systems. It opens casualties to economic exploitation with a significant number of them being women and children less than 18 years old years. It is essential to know the way that human trafficking has raised critical human rights issues, particularly concerning women and children as stakeholders are beginning to reexamine their way to deal with this societal issue. Human traffickingRead MoreEs say on South Africa: A Country on the Rise1327 Words   |  6 Pagesaffairs. Senior enlisted leaders must understand the importance of South Africa’s continued development and support to United States national interests so that commands will be informed facilitators to the strong bond between these two nations. This paper will discuss South Africa’s background information, government, strategic importance, and future direction of this emerging nation. Background Information South Africa occupies the southern tip of Africa, its coastline stretches 1,553 miles from theRead MoreThe Division Of Our Society : Exploring Mass Imprisonment1737 Words   |  7 Pages Mass Incarceration The Division of Our Society: Exploring Mass Imprisonment Pamela D. Jackson WRIT 130: Research Paper Professor Jane Campanizzi-Mook September 11th 2015 ABSTRACT Prison is unfortunately big business in the United States and our society is paying the ultimate cost and there is only one system being rewarded. More than often we do not put much emphasis on the prison system in its entirety. It is a fairly simple concept to most Americans that if you commit a crime or ifRead MoreHuman Trafficking And The International Ramifications Essay2682 Words   |  11 Pagesestablished to address ‘human trafficking’ worldwide. The causes as discussed in chapter two only briefly provided examples of the complex regional issues emerging in Southeast Asia. Chapter three will discuss and explore the range of measures undertaken and the focus of multiple agencies in their attempts at dealing with varying implications with different priorities across Southeast Asia. The implications regardless of the end means, is a flagrant violation of human rights. With global attentionRead MoreComparing Plan Columbia and the Merida Initiative in Mexico4198 W ords   |  17 PagesThe purpose of this paper will be to make a comparison between the Colombian drug cartels at the turn of the century with the mexican cartels today. The object of this comparison will be to determine the effectiveness of large scale millitary intervention against drug cartels.I will assess weather this comparison is not only justified but in any way usefull in understanding how fight a well funded well armed non-state enemy. This is a response to public comments by high ranking United States officialsRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health1785 Words   |  8 Pageswrite my paper on an agency that focuses children and youth with mental health needs . After researching the various demographics of sufferers I realized children and youth are often undertreated and underdiagnosed. Canada has a two tier health care system which means, often times poor Canadians do not receive adequate treatment and diagnosis. Statistics shows that â€Å"70% of mental health problems h ave their onset during early childhood or adolescence† (Government of Canada, 2006, The human face ofRead MoreBorder Security and Drug Trafficking3286 Words   |  13 Pagesand in spite of many efforts by American law enforcement and border authorities, it continues day after day. This paper reviews the problem from several perspectives and brings to light attempts the U.S. has made to stop drug trafficking on our border with Mexico. The biggest issue regarding border security is the power of the drug cartels, and the majority of emphasis in this paper is directed towards the cartels. Brief History of Smuggling Across the Border from Mexico Author Peter Andreas explainsRead MoreThe Social Impact of Drug Abuse24406 Words   |  98 PagesNum ber 2 THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF DRUG ABUSE This study was originally prepared by UNDCP as a position paper for the World Summit for Social Development (Copenhagen, 6-12 March 1995) Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter Part one: background I. The drug problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A. B. C. D. E. The

Musical Press Punk 1970s to Present Day Essay - 2203 Words

Examine the development of the music press from the 1970’s to the present day compare and contrast the changes which have come into play with the developments of online magazine format. The music press and journalists are often seen as an important link between artists/bands and consumers. Reviewers and journalists have played an historical role in many upcoming bands lives and are recognized by the music industry as having a key part in the promotion of bands and artists. However, the music press has also been known to play a part in the promotion of popular music with wider political, social and cultural concerns. An example of this is Punk music. Many argue that the birth of punk music came when the then â€Å"newly formed Sex†¦show more content†¦Little did they know, their style of playing was to be embraced as an iconic and inspirational platform for others and also expanded the definition of music. Punk journalism and bands were not only based around music. The image of punk was also a very huge part of the scene. Taking influence from the foundations of Glam Rock, fans and artists started incorporating the styles of artists like David Bowie and the New York Dolls into their outfits. Glam rock also influenced other genres such as hard rock hair metal and punk rock. The first known punk scene was formed in the mid ‘70s in New York. Artists such as the Talking Heads, Blondie and the Ramones were making a name for themselves at a club called CBGB, also known as the home of underground rock. While the New York punk scene was getting off its feet, the London punk scene was just beginning. Punk in England has political and economic roots where as American punk scenes were all about bands rebelling against the boring, generic songs they heard on the radio everyday. The economy in the United Kingdom was in a terrible shape and unemployment was at an all-time high. Englands younger population were angry, unruly and jobless. Many young artists in the 1970s has strong opinions on the state of the countries political and economic climate and being unemployed they had a lot of spare time. Music fans wereShow MoreRelated Political Advocacy in Anarchist Punk Music Essay3584 Words   |  15 PagesPolitical Advocacy in Anarchist Punk Music Anarchist political advocacy has been a driving force in punk music since its emergence in the 1970s. Although the basic philosophy has remained unchanged, punks have significantly altered the ways they espouse their beliefs, over time becoming more militant and directly confrontational with those that hold power. This paper attempts use quantitative and qualitative analysis to determine how significantly anarcho-punk political advocacy has changedRead MoreThe Origins and Development of Electronic Dance Music and Contemporary Nightlife Musical Culture4166 Words   |  17 PagesDevelopments of Electronic Dance Music (EDM) and Contemporary Nightlife Musical Culture The origins and developments of Electronic Dance Music initially started with the development of the synthesizer. It was with these first uses of synthesized sounds that prompted the development of sequencers, sampling, effects processing, musical instrument digital interface (MIDI), use of computer technology, hard disk recording systems and modern day virtual studio technology (VST’s). These all fundamentally buildRead MoreThe Music Of Guns N Roses 1218 Words   |  5 Pagesheavy metal and hair metal/glam metal periods. One song that illustrates both of these musical influences is the song â€Å"Welcome to the Jungle† on the album â€Å"Appetite for Destruction†. The members of Guns N’ Roses got their start as a band in Los Angeles, California. At the time of their band rising to fame, America was still in the transition of heavy metal becoming a mainstream genre again. Although metal was present throughout the 1980’s it was not until the late 80’s when it achieved mainstream successRead MoreIndian Music4009 Words   |  17 Pagesthe other main Indian classical music tradition originating from the South, Hindustani music was not only influenced by ancient Hindu musical traditions, historical Vedic philosophy and native Indian sounds but also enriched by the Persian performance practices of the Mughals. Classical genres are dhrupad, dhamar, khyal, tarana and sadra. Carnatic music The present form of Carnatic music is based on historical developments that can be traced to the 15th - 16th centuries AD and thereafter. HoweverRead MoreThe Censorship of Art Essay example14698 Words   |  59 Pagesthese claims against popular music, how social movements mobilize actions around these claims, and the way in which they are manifested in mechanisms of control targeted at rap and rock music. Moreover, I explore how the performers and fans of these musical styles have in turn articulated counter-claims, and how they have mobilized social forces in defense of the free expression of their art-form. The issue is addressed through an historical examination of the actions undertaken to censor and controlRead MoreAnalysis of the Music Industry30024 Words   |  121 Pagessize for music in all its manifestations is impossible to calculate. Key Note has put a value of  £3.03bn on consumer spending on music in 2005, derived from three sectors: recorded music (which accounts for the bulk of the market), live music and musical instruments. However, data for other related markets are included, such as equipment for home listening and viewing. Recorded music dominates, but this large market is on the cusp of a technological revolution that will eventually transform theRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pagesyou have and the style of the case. in the Australian ice-cream industry, the demographic analysis may have this comment: ‘A large baby boomer generation is now becoming more health-conscious. This presents opportunities in health foods and healthy alternatives for conventional foods. It also presents opportunities for low-fat ice creams.’ Or, in analysing the demographics of the Cochlearâ„ ¢ ï ¬ rm, you may conclude that there is a global market of 1.8 million profoundly deaf people and that this provides

Satellite Radio A Closer Look Free Essays

string(173) " people for such programs make cause the local radio companies, especially those which are only operating on a small scale, to collapse and be erased in the radio industry\." The twenty first century marked a new turning point for the radio industry. In 2001, satellite radio was introduced to the public by Sirius and XM companies. The two companies remain to be the leading players in the satellite radio industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Satellite Radio: A Closer Look or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sirius and XM companies obtained their lead when they were awarded in an auction with the license to utilize the frequencies developed by Digital Audio Radio Service (DARS). The said radio service was commissioned in 1992 to establish radio frequency segments for satellite broadcast in the radio (Kevin). Among the two broadcast satellites initially launched by XM radio are Rock and Roll. The launching was made in San Diego and Dallas last September 2001. After the successful turnout of the launching, XM radio decided to introduced satellite radio to the entire nation in November 2001 (Satellite Radio USA). Through the satellite radio, listening to one’s radio while traveling has become more convenient. Radio frequency is a common problem among radio listeners who are traveling. Oftentimes, they need to change stations because the frequency of the radio stations which they initially listen to has limited frequency. The average frequency of traditional radio is 0 to 40 miles from the source. The radio satellite on the other hand can reach to as far as 22, 000 miles from the source. Thus, a traveler need not frequently change the radio station that he is listening to. How Satellite Radios Work Unlike the analog radio which broadcasts radio frequency to local stationary transmitters and thereafter to the listeners, satellite radio utilizes mobile satellites in ord er to transmit programs to the listeners. The use of mobile satellites allows the radio system to cater to a wider audience since satellites have the capacity to transmit signal from all over the globe. Satellite radios allows the radio frequency transmitted to bounce off and reach the listeners (Walker). Interested listeners can avail of the service after they have purchased the necessary programming service. A device is given to the client to enjoy the service. The said device is programmed into a database in order to allow it to receive radio transmissions from specific radio satellites. Entry into the database allows the sending of signal to the devise in order to decrypt the satellite frequencies and give the listener radio reception (Walker). In contrast to traditional radio which can be accessed for free, satellite radio needs subscription before one can be enjoy the use thereof. Satellite radio companies do not earn money from advertisements but through subscription. Just like cable television, programs on satellite radios are not bombarded with lengthy advertisements. One can enjoy the comfort of listening to his favorite music or programs without any interruption. Benefits from Satellite Radio Since satellites radios allow a more liberal way of listening to radio programs by extending the limit of the coverage, there are more benefits that can be generated from it. Among the benefits is the wide array of radio programs that could be accessed. Listeners can choose to listen to many different programs. They have the liberality to choose which is more adept to their taste and interest for the day. There are more than 60 music channels and 50 other channels dedicated for news, sports, weather, traffic and talk (Satellite Radio USA). Satellite radio is recommended for people who have penchant for listening to the radio for long hours and for those who are in search for specific programs such as ESPN, FOX or BBC among others. The subscription paid for such services is cheaper compared to cable television. Thus, satellite radio does not only provide specialized program listening but it also gives the pocket a breather. If one is only after news in cable television or sports, then he could just opt for this service. The same amount of information could be generated at a cheaper price. Jobs Created Aside from the wider coverage that satellite radio provides to listeners, it also gives an avenue for more jobs in the broadcast industry. Since there is a growing market for the satellite radios, there is a need to employ people who will maintain the system and update the devices that the listeners utilize. People from the engineering department as well as those who are knowledgeable with technical matters, can find good jobs in this field. In addition, people who man the broadcast are also given job opportunities. Among the jobs opportunities are: writer for news, sports, talk programs and many others. Proof readers, editors, news readers, news anchors and assistants for such individuals can have fulfilling jobs in this industry. They have an avenue to exercise their skills and interests in their field of interests. With the rising number of subscribers, there is a possibility that employment in the satellite radio industry will continue to prosper. More programs and maintenance of the existing programs will need more people to man it. If the satellite radio reaches worldwide then there will be more job opportunities for the said field. However, if there are jobs that are created in this industry there are also jobs which are lost or on the verge of being lost. Jobs Lost Among the jobs that are being threatened by the satellite radio industry are those which are related to the terrestrial radio industry especially those who are employed in small radio companies which only have limited coverage. Each city has its own radio company which caters news and other events to the locality. Due to the satellite radio innovation, these companies are being threatened with the possibility of closing. They can hardly compete with the satellite radio which provides an array of program line up. Through the said innovation, people are no longer left with merely an AM or FM radio. They have the capability to explore other genres and listen to the type of program which will suit their taste. The growing interest of the people for such programs make cause the local radio companies, especially those which are only operating on a small scale, to collapse and be erased in the radio industry. You read "Satellite Radio: A Closer Look" in category "Papers" Disk Jockeys or DJs, radio commentators and technical support of such companies may kiss their jobs good bye if the advertisers would see that there are only a few people patronizing these programs. Local radio industries operate based on the number of people who listen to their programs. They adjust to the tastes of the listening public in order to convince companies to advertise their merchandise in their programs. Advertisers will only waste their resources if there are no significant number of people who are listening to their programs. Aside from employees of the local radio companies, people who specializes on advertisement for radio may also lose their jobs. They will have to shift their interest for television advertisement or print advertisements. Effect on local terrestrial broadcasters As indicated earlier, satellite radio threatens the existence of local radio companies. The existence of which may not be significant for avid listeners of satellite radios however, for those who are interested in listening to local news, traffic and talk programs, the lose of local radios has a great weight. The advantage of local radios is their regionalization or focus only to a specific locality. News, traffic updates and issues pertaining to the locality are widely aired by such radio companies. Their limited jurisdiction allows them to have better focus with the issues as well as with the programs that they create. Most likely, they will adjust their programs based on the interest of the most people in the locality. They will try to please their market as much as possible and give them the satisfaction that they long for a radio station. They also have an advantage in terms of advertisement since they reach their the people locally and regionally. Local companies can advertise their products with such radio stations, unlike in satellite radios which caters to a wide area. Another advantage thereof is the fact that it is free. There are no special devices or subscription fees that needs to be paid. One only needs his radio in order to have access to the programs (Colliano1). Despite these advantages, terrestrial radios are still on the verge of losing their space in the radio industry. Such phenomenon cannot solely be attributed to the introduction of satellite radios but also because their have lost their edge which is to provide the latest song in the music industry. Through the introduction of MP3s, internet downloads and other music gadgets, the edge of radio continued to fade. The latest songs can be availed of easily through other means than by listening to the radio. This reduces the anticipation from the clients to listen to the latest songs. In addition, radio industries have also abused their good will by infusing too many commercials between their programs (Colliano2). Although advertisements are meant to inform while providing entertainment, too much of it in between programs may irritate the listeners. It suspends their eagerness to listen to the program and thereafter leads to the lose of interest to listen further. Effect on other industries Through the development of satellite radios, other industries are also affected, some positively and others negatively. Among those industries which can benefit from the introduction of satellite radios are cable programs and channels. Aside from television they can have a new avenue to simulcast their programs. Technical and manufacturing industries can also benefit from the manufacture thereof especially if the number subscribers have increased to greater numbers. More subscribers would mean more devices which will ensure the working of the system. The industry which are feared to suffer, aside from local radios is the radio advertising sector. They will have no avenue to market their products if the local radio are abolished by the society. Another industry is the music industry. The local radio provides a good avenue for musicians to advertise their music. The wider the avenue for the launching of their music, the greater is their chance of topping the charts. Rising singers or musicians have lesser chance of introducing their music to a larger audience. Profitability of the Satellite Radios It has been predicted that the two companies which have licenses to operate satellite radios will start to generate great profits by the year 2009. Although it is enjoying profits now, it is still small considering the high cost of maintenance and operations of the system (Seeking Alpha). Financial writer Robert Walberg (2006), indicated in an article that Sirius, one of the two licensed companies to operate satellite radio is in serious trouble with its finances. The company fails to gain significant profit during the span of years that it has been operating. Walberg fears that if the trend continues, then Sirius may face serious financial burdens in the future. The company, however, aims of increasing its profits and presumed that more money will be credited to the company as radio satellites continue to be known globally. Among the factors which contribute to low profit are the high costs for product marketability, limited number of subscribers and the high cost that it pays to those who maintain their radio programs. Compared to the traditional radio which does not pay much for its maintenance, satellite radio operators have more to lose and to earn in order to survive. If the trend continues then, the two companies, Sirius and XM may also face downfall. Sirius intends to increase it market and gain more subscribers in order to generate higher profits and more investors in the future. Nevertheless, financial analysts still maintain a positive view regarding the viability of satellite radios in the market. The introduction of satellite radios in the market both have its positive and negative effects, however, more than just providing strong competition in the radio industry, satellite radios shows the ingenuity of man and its unending quest for improvement. The use thereof and the elimination of local radios is left to the public to be decided on. Only the people can determined which type of radio broadcasting should dominate the airwaves. The pros and cons should be adequately waived in order to determine the best system which will serve the public at large and at a more beneficial state. How to cite Satellite Radio: A Closer Look, Papers

The Hitch-Hiker and Samphire Essay Example

The Hitch-Hiker and Samphire Paper The two short stories of Samphire and The Hitch-Hiker can be considered as two very different stories, however some similarities can still be found between them. The story of Samphire, written by Patrick OBrian, is a story about a woman named Mollie who, as made obvious in the story, simply despises her husband named Lacey, a strange little man who doenst show much real care for his wife. Appearing to be a conventional married couple on holiday by the sea, as the story progresses, the emptiness of their relationship becomes visible, and Mollies unhappiness leads to her desperate attempt to kill her husband, which doesnt go through as planned. Roald Dahls The Hitch-Hiker is a comedic and suprising story about a man who picks up an unusual hitch-hiker. The strange hitch-hiker eventually gets the driver into trouble with the authorities, but as unexpected events take place, the drivers view of the strange hitch-hiker changes. A good way to compare stories is to first look at the main characters, or the protagonists and antagonists. For the first story of Samphire, it is obvious that Mollies husband Lacey is the antagonist of the story, atleast that is how the author describes him to us; the author makes it quite clear to the reader that everything Lacey does annoys Mollie, that he is weak and does not really care for Mollie. It is noticeable that Mollie does not say one word to her husband throughout the whole story, more evidence that her husband is simply to self-involved to even notice her silence. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hitch-Hiker and Samphire specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Hitch-Hiker and Samphire specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Hitch-Hiker and Samphire specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is evident that Lacey is even slightly abusive in their relationship: Lacey was her lord and master, wasnt he? Love, honour, and obey? He put his arm round her when they came to a sheltered turn of the path and began to fondle her, whispering in his secret night-voice, Tss-ts-tss, but he dropped her at once when some coast-gaurds appeared. Mollie attempts to murder her husband, almost appearing as the heroin of the story at this point due to the readers hate for her husband, essentially making her the protagonist of the story. For the story of The Hitch-Hiker, identifying the protagonist and antagonist becomes a little more complicated. In the beginning of the story, we percieve the driver, essentially Roald Dahl as the story is in the 1st person, as the protagonist and the hitch-hiker that he picks up, named Michael Fish, as the antagonist. Roald Dahl describes the hitch hiker similarly to a rat so that it makes the reader assume that the hitch hiker is probably a murderer or some other sort of criminal; once the reader assumes that, it will make them predict that something bad or interesting will happen involving the narrator and hitch-hiker. However as the story progresses, we see that the hitch-hiker may have been wrongly labelled, helping the driver out of a speeding ticket and changing the antagonist to the police officer that pulls them over for speeding. In these ways, the two stories are quite different in terms of protagonists and antagonists. Both stories are based closely on the conflicts and relationships within them. A distinct conflict can be found within the story of Samphire between the married couple of Mollie and Lacey. Throughout the story, the author makes it clear to the reader that everything her husband does annoys Mollie to the point that she simply stops caring: At the next tobacconist, by the pier, he made the same joke to the man there. She stood near the door, not looking at anything. Though she hesitates at first, Mollie tries to push Lacey off of the cliff and nearly succeeds in killing him, elevating their conflict. Though at first the conflict seems to be between the hitch-hiker and the driver, the main conflict within The Hitch-Hiker comes down to the strife between the driver and the police officer. We are introduced to the hitch-hiker as a sinnacle, suspiscious looking man who appears to be nothing but trouble, and though the hitch-hiker tempts the driver to speed, he then saves the driver from the police officer by stealing the officers black book. Though the driver never fully trusts the hitch-hiker, by the end of the story they form a relationship as the driver is thankful of the strange hitch-hiker. Each story has its own themes that make the two stories unique from eachother. One similarity between the two stories themes is that the stories both finish at the same place they started. For instace, in Samphire, the story starts with the woman Mollie being miserable with her husband. The climax of the story is when she attempts to kill her husband, however she does not succeed, and the story ends where it started, ending with the line: and there were her feet marching on the path; one, the other; one, the other, down, down, down as if to show that this was not the first time she had done this. With The Hitch-Hiker, the story begins with a man driving; he then picks up a hitch-hiker and they get pulled over for speeding. By the end of the story however, the hitch-hiker has stolen the police officers black book, therefore essentially going back to the start. The other similarity between the stories is that there is an element of misjudgement within them. For example, in Samphire, the husband Lacey misjudges his wife into thinking that she actually cares about him and his samphire plant: In the morning she said she would like to see the samphre again. He was very pleased and told the hotel-keeper that she was becoming quite the little botanist, his misjudgement of course leading to the attempted murder. As for The Hitch-Hiker, it is the driver that misjudges the hitch-hiker; although the driver labels the hitch-hiker as a rather suspicious person, he rescues the driver from a speeding ticket, and the drivers way of judging people by speech and appearance is changed. The literary presentation is another thing to look at when comparing two stories. In terms of the level of detail that is used in the stories, each story uses about the same amount, each being fairly descriptive in their own way. OBrian does a good job of painting a picture of the enviroment and misery in Samphire, where as Dahl uses descriptive imagery to show us exactly what the hitch-hiker would look and act like. One difference between the two stories is the atmoshphere of the stories; the atmosphere of Samphire is almost one of misery and emptiness, whereas the feeling that you get when reading The Hitch-Hiker is one of interest and intrigue, mostly wanting to see what the characters say to eachother and finding out who the mysterious hitch-hiker is. The major difference between the two stories in terms of literary presentation however is the conversation and interaction between characters within the stories. The only conversation within Samphire is done by the husband, whereas Mollie never talks, leaving the story to progress through actions rather than dialogue. On the other side, The Hitch-Hiker is based solely on the witty dialogue between the driver and his passenger that keeps the story progressing and interesting. Overall, the two stories have their similarities and their differences; while certain similarities can be found between the two stories themes and conflicts, they each become unique when it comes down to the characters and overall literary presentation.

Wimax vs Wifi Essays

Wimax vs Wifi Essays Wimax vs Wifi Paper Wimax vs Wifi Paper WiMAX or Wi-Fi: The Best Suited Candidate Technology for Building Wireless Access Infrastructure order to highlight that which technology will be better to build a wireless access infrastructure. The first part of the paper examines the both of these wireless technology in order to understand both technologies and their underlying concepts. Then, I have discussed some key characteristics to compare the both of these technologies. The last part concludes and presents a conclusion of which will be the best technology to build a wireless access infrastructure. II. OVERVIEW OF THE CANDIDATE TECHNOLOGIES. 2. 1 Wi-Fi The dream to network PCs and other devices without the cost and complexity of cable infrastructures has driven the rapid growth in the wireless market over the last few years. Wi-Fi is one of the wireless technology which appeared early in the wireless market. Wi-Fi is based on the IEEE 802. 11 wireless local area network (WLAN) specification. Actually it was designed to be used indoors at close range for example home user and office environment. The main goal of Wi-Fi technology is to provide service for mobile computing device like laptop. But recently it is used for more services for example consumer device such as televisions, digital cameras, and DVD players. A user with a mobile computing device such as a laptop, cell phone, or PDA which is Wi-Fi enabled can connect to the global Internet when it is within in range of an access point. The region which is covered by one or more access points is called a hotspot. Hotspots can range from a single room to thousand of square feet’s of overlapping hotspots. Wi-Fi can also be used to create a mesh network. Wi-Fi also allows connectivity in peer-to-peer (wireless ad-hoc network) mode, which enables devices to connect directly with each other [1]. This connectivity mode is useful in consumer electronics and gaming applications [1]. Wi-Fi products can use different radio frequencies [2]: The 802. 11a standard uses 5 GHz in an AP-to-AP interlink. Abstract: This paper presents a description of the existing wireless technology Wi-Fi and WiMAX, and try to compare Wi-Fi (IEEE 802. 11) and WiMAX (IEEE 802. 16), with respect to which technology provides a better solution to build a wireless access infrastructure. Each technology is evaluated based on some key characteristics. This paper concludes with a statement of, which technology will be the best and most cost effective solution to end user. I. INTRODUCTION With the help of many expert communication engineers IEEE has developed various wireless standards in a hierarchical fashion. Some of the deployed wireless standards are: 802. 15 (Bluetooth), 802. 11 (Wi-Fi), and 802. 16 (WiMAX) promoted by WiMAX forum. Recently a new standard, 802. 20 for WANs has been proposed, which is currently under development. Each of these IEEE standards has been deployed to fulfill certain criteria and they complement each other. IEEE 802. 11 also known as Wi-Fi standards has had a lot of commercial success, for this reason now the focus of wireless networking shifting to the wide area market. Wi-Fi has been optimized to address the requirements for home or office connectivity but the wide area market is still open to grabs. So to grab the market the low cost wireless which appears is WiMAX, short for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is positioned as solution for outdoor and long-range last-mile solutions. Many service providers had adopted this technology as a quick and cheap option to provide connectivity between access points or base stations and their backbone network. The main goal of WiMAX is to provide cheap and fast connectivity of both voice and data communication to remote and difficult terrain locations. With the increasing market demand for WiMAX, it is now regularly compared with Wi-Fi. While both technologies have some identical technical characteristics, however they are approaching the wireless space from completely different perspectives. The purpose of this paper is to provide a technical and market comparison of Wi-Fi and WiMAX technologies in Figure 1: Wi-Fi Network ? The 802. 11b and 802. 11g standards use 2. 4 GHz. Different frequency bands are used by the 802. 11a, 802. 11b and 802. 11g standards; Different devices using these different frequency bands do not interfere with one another. However, portable devices using different bands cannot communicate with each other, for example an 802. 11a radio cannot communicate with an 802. 11b radio. The most commonly used standard in the Wireless LAN are the 802. 11b and 802. 1g standards because of their interoperability and the greater range option that they achieve in the 2. 4-GHz band. Each standard also use different types of radio-modulation technology, which is as follows [2]: The 802. 11b standard uses direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and supports bandwidth speeds up to 11 Mbps. The 802. 11a and 802. 11g standards use orthogonal frequency division multipl exing (OFDM) and support speeds up to 54 Mbps. Because OFDM is more suitable to outdoor environments and interference, that’s why it is commonly used for Wireless LAN infrastructure. 2. 2 WiMAX: IEEE standard 802. 6, also known as WiMAX, is a technology for last-mile wireless broadband as an alternative to cable and DSL and where the cost is high. It’s intended to deliver high speed data communication, and it also has the ability to maintain dedicated links and VoIP services at a reliable and high quality speed. Figure 2: WiMAX Network Not only it supports â€Å"last mile† broadband connectivity to individual home or business locations but also its data rates are comparable with cable and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) rates. Many telephone companies also desire that WiMAX will be a replacement for their aging legacy wired networks. In fact, it is looked as the wireless replacement for a wired broadband connection. WiMAX has the ability to allow a subscriber to connect to a wireless Internet service provider even when they roam outside their offices or homes. With the large coverage range and high data transmission rate WiMAX’s attributes open the door of the technology to a variety of applications. WiMAX can be used as a backbone for IEEE 802. 11 hotspots for connecting to the global world, as well as a subscriber can connect WiMAX enabled mobile devices such as laptops PDA or cell phones directly to WiMAX base stations without using IEEE 802. 11. Currently many service providers, providing a DSL or T1/E1 service for a business customer to a relatively remote location or outer suburbs can take several months and the cost associated with it is very high. With the help of WiMAX, a service provider can provide that service in a short time and in a very cost effective way [3]. One of the main application of the WiMAX is that it can be used in disaster recovery scenes where the wired networks have broken down. In recent many disasters, WiMAX networks were installed to help in recovery missions [4]. Similarly, WiMAX also be used as a backup links where the traditional wired links breaks. WiMAX mainly operates in two frequency ranges. One is high frequency, which is between 11 – 66 GHz and another one is low frequency, which is sub 11 GHz [3]. Line-of-sight is very essential when operating in the high frequency range. This frequency range allows this wider channel, resulting in very high capacity links. For the low frequency range (sub 11 GHz) non line-of-sight is essential. WiMAX, with a theoretical data rate of 70 Mb/s in 20 MHz channels (2-11GHz spectrum) , allows a few hundreds of DSL connections but it operates up to 124Mbps in the 28MHz channel (in 10-66GHz), [5]. The maximum range WiMAX, covered is about 50 km [5]. But in practice this range may be decrease to 20 km and even 8 km when there are obstacles [5]. 3. 1 Efficiency Efficiency of wireless technology is measured in terms of bandwidth and latency. Efficiency is a major issue to determine what type of applications can be run on a network. A lessbandwidth network only feasibly for small application and normally support simple data application for example transferring text files. A higher bandwidth network normally used for big application such as audio and video and many more powerful applications. Another major issue in case of real-time applications like voice is latency which is very much crucial issue. The maximum range of latency should not be more than 20 ms, anything higher than that be warring for establishing echo free wireless network. 3. 2 Maximum Range Maximum range is calculated from the obtained distance between the two base stations, and like cell phone another major issue must consider here that the technology must have the capability to support hand-off between base stations without loosing connection from the global world. Maximum coverage range is a major issue, the reason behind that, it determines how long a contiguous wireless area can be? Also, maximum coverage range of wireless technologys is very much crucial according to cost, since operators can reduce their initial capital expenditures if they can give the coverage of the same area with smaller number of base stations. 3. 3 Dependability Dependability is defined as how much a wireless technology is dependable to the end user. Whether end user think that is it reliable to use or not? Dependability measure with few important metrics like average number of packet loss, average number of disconnects of calls, and whether the wireless technology is hampered by environmental issues such as line of sight, weather, etc. Dependability is very crucial because some applications may require a reliable connection. If a connection is not dependable, in that case packets may loss and that affect the network for that reason the speed of the network will decrease. This would have certainly impact on the performance of any applications, hence decreasing the applications that will use on the wireless network. . 4 Security Today’s internet is open for all. And user exchange many personal data in internet. So normally end user wants security. Security is obtained from the level of encryption of the data and the authentication of the device is provided by each technology. For many applications such as exchanging bank information require a secure connection to transmit confiden tial information. Mainly the end user will not want to expose themselves and they also want that the secret information not being viewed by unauthorized individuals. That’s why security is needed in wireless connection. III. KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY This paper focuses on the hypothesis that which wireless technology, WiMAX or Wi-Fi provides a better solution in the wireless access infrastructure. Whether one wireless technology provides a better solution than any other or whether a combination of technologies is needed to create the desired infrastructure. The key characteristics for which the most powerful next generation wireless technology (WiMAX and Wi-Fi) is evaluated in this research paper are: efficiency, maximum range, dependability, security, market issue and mobility. These six key characteristics are the standard issue which will be used to compare these two wireless technologies. 3. 5 Mobility Mobility is one of the major issues in case of building wireless access infrastructure. It is the speed of the mobile access point at which the technology can remain connected to the global world without losing packets or service interruption. Naturally, a wireless infrastructure environment needs to be mobile to provide connection to the end user at any place they visit. The network must sustain connection at vehicular speeds. 3. Market comparison The last characteristics to consider when evaluating wireless technology is a market. Actually the popularity of any technology is determined by the market. Mainly markets certify a technology whether it is accepted by end user or not. So based upon the market we can decide which technology is most attractive to the wireless world IV. Wi-Fi VERSUS WiMAX 4. 1 Radio Technology: WiMAX differs from Wi-Fi in the radi o technology sector. The IEEE 802. 11 WLAN standards describe four radio link interfaces that operate mainly in unlicensed radio band having range from 2. G to 5 GHz [9]. The WiMAX 802. 16a standard released in January 2003 operates between 2 GHz and 11 GHz [9]. The lower frequency bands support Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) for that reason customer unit need not be aligned with base station. Wi-Fi mainly operates in unlicensed frequency bands, but WiMAX can operate in both licensed and unlicensed spectrum. Within IEEE 802. 16a’s 2-11 GHz range, four bands are most attractive [9]: * Licensed 2. 5-GHz MMDS * Licensed 3. 5-GHz Band: * Unlicensed 3. 5-GHz Band * Unlicensed 5 GHz U-NII Band. 4. 1. 1 Radio transmission Modulation techniques: The IEEE 802. 1b radio link uses a technique direct sequence spread spectrum that is called complementary coded keying (CCK) for radio transmission [9]. Bit stream is mainly processed by a special coding and modulated with the technique called Quad rature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). The 802. 11a and 802. 11g uses the radio link technology 64-channel orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) [9]. Here the bit streams is encoded on the 64 sub carriers using Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), or one of two levels of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-, or 64- QAM) [9]. The IEEE 802. 16a specifies three techniques for radio link [9]: * SC-A: Single Carrier Channel. * OFDM: 256-Sub-Carrier Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. * OFDM-A: 2,048-Sub-Carrier Division Multiplexing. Orthogonal Frequency 4. 2 Efficiency: Maximum channel bandwidth for Wi-Fi is 25 MHz for IEEE 802. 11b and 20 MHz for either IEEE 802. 11a or g networks [9]. The maximum bit rates it’s providing is 54 Mbps. Wi-Fi has latency in the range of 50 ms hence little bit higher latency. In WiMAX, the channel bandwidths are in the range of 1. 25 MHz to 20 MHz [9]. Basically there has been lots of confusion regarding the actual bit rate of a WiMAX channel. But many articles give a range in of 70 M or 100 Mbps, basically exact transmission rate depends on the assigned bandwidth of the channel. WiMAX have latency in between the range of 25 to 40 ms, quite considerable range. Now have a close look at the Bandwidth efficiency of the both technologies. Basically it is measured by the number of bits per second that can be carried on one cycle of radio bandwidth (i. e. bps/Hertz). Lets have a data rates supported on its 25 MHz channel (1 M to 11 Mbps), 802. 1b have bandwidth efficiency in between 0. 04 to 0. 44 bps/Hertz [9]. In 802. 11 a or g on its 20 MHz have a transmission rate from 6 M to 54 Mbps yields a bandwidth efficiency in between . 24 to 2. 7 bps/Hertz [9]. In case of WiMAX, for 70-Mbps transmission rate on a 14-MHz radio channel yields bandwidth efficiency up to 5- bits/Hertz [9]. Basically the bandwidth efficiency decreases when the tran smission range increases. 4. 3 Maximum Coverage Range: OFDM modulation has a high spectral effectiveness that why WiMAX ranges 8 km (NLOS) to 50 km (LOS) [5]. It handles many users who are widely spread out. Mesh topologies and smart antenna techniques can be used to improve the coverage. The OFDM designed for the BWA and main goal is to provide long range transmission. 802. 16 is designed for high power OFDM used to maximize coverage up to tens of kilometers [5]. In contrast, IEEE 802. 11 standard have a basic CDMA and OFDM approach with a quite different vision. It required very low power consumption of energy that whys it can support very limited range of coverage. It is mainly designed for indoor use. Optimize range of this technology is around 100 meters [5]. 4. 4 Security: One of the major issues that differentiate from Wi-Fi to WiMAX is security. It’s a major issue because it protects transmissions from eavesdropping. But security has been one of the major lacking in Wi-Fi, encryption is optional here. But better encryption techniques are now available some of the different techniques used are [9]: Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP): An RC4-based 40- or 104bit encryption technique. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA): A new standard from the WiFi Alliance that uses the 40- or 104-bit WEP key. IEEE 802. 1i/WPA2: It is a IEEE standard which will be based on a more robust encryption technique called the Advanced Encryption Standard. WiMAX is designed for public network so security is very much crucial here. So all the data that is transmitted in WiMAX network is virtually encrypted. The main encryption technique that is used here is 168-bit Digital Encryption Standard (3DES), the s ame encryption also used on most secure tunnel VPNs. There are also plan to include the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in WiMAX to maximize the security. 4. 5 Mobility Management Mobility management is supported by WiMAX. The latest IEEE 802. 16e is made for Mobile WiMAX. This standard supports mobile capability with the support of hand-offs capability, mainly for users when they moved between cells. Its support data rates up to 500 kbps, equivalent to the highest speed cellular offerings (e. g. Verizon Wireless’ 1xEV-DO service) [9]. Currently mobility management is not supported by Wi-Fi. But recently IEEE has begun to development of a roaming standard for Wi-Fi. However, WLAN switch vendors like Cisco, Aruba, and Airespace have developed their own proprietary hand-off protocols [9]. 4. Market Comparison Up to this point we have focused on technical issues here we consider, some market issues of these two products. Some market oriented works have been established for Wi-Fi service. The two examples are Wireless ISPs and Wi-Fi mesh networks. 4. 6. 1 Wireless ISPs (WISPs) The idea behind Wireless ISP (WISP) is to provide an Internet access service using WLAN technology and a shared Internet con nection in a public location designated a hot spot. TMobile and Wayport are currently providing this type of service [9]. But it have two problems, one is technical and another one is business oriented. From a technical viewpoint, to access the internet you have to be within the hot spot. From a business viewpoint, users have to pay monthly basis for the internet then the users have to be in the hot spot always to access the internet which is not a feasible solution. So markets of wireless ISP are in a threat now. 4. 6. 2 Wi-Fi Mesh Network Wi-Fi mesh networks are mainly used to support public safety applications and also to provide Internet access to end users. However, mesh technologies are not within the range of the Wi-Fi standards. 4. 6. 3 WiMAX Market The market goals of WiMAX not clear at the moment. But in a sense we can say that the major goal will be broadband wireless access or Wireless DSL. But it will succeed only if it provides lower cost service and also provide some extra features which the other broadband like DSL do not provide. WiMAX compatible chipsets first appeared in late-2004 by the Intel and consumer devices costing $100 or less [9]. But in case of WiMAX, before investing in this field, they have to think and analyze that whether they have enough demand in the market or not. 4. 7 Quality of Service (QoS) Wi-Fi is based on a contention based MAC (CSMA/CA). Hence no guaranteed QoS is provided mainly it can support best offer services. The Standard does not permit for different service level for each user. There is a plan to incorporate QoS in the 802. 11-e standard. In this standard two operating modes will be included to improve service for voice one is Wi-Fi Multimedia Extensions (WME) and another one is Wi-Fi Scheduled Multimedia (WSM) QoS in IEEE 802. 16 is based on a request/grant protocol. Its support multiple QoS which is build in MAC. It is designed to supports different service levels such as ,T1/E1 for business and best effort to consumer. This protocol support delay sensitive services such as voice and video. The dynamic TDMA based technique allows the suitable support for multicast and broadcast. In the below the key difference between Wi-Fi and WiMAX is described Table:1 Comparison between IEEE 802. 11 and IEEE 802. 16 802. 11 (Wi-Fi) Primary Application Range Coverage and Wireless LAN 802. 16 (WiMAX) Wireless MAN mainly designed for broadband wireless Designed for outdoor NLOS performance Optimized for 50 km Mesh topology is supported MAC designed to support thousands of users Licensed and Unlicensed Band 2 GHz to 11 GHz Adjustable range from 1. 25 to 20 MHz

The Leeward vs. Windward Side of a Mountain

The Leeward vs. Windward Side of a Mountain In meteorology, leeward and windward are technical names for the directional sides of a mountain. The windward side is that side which faces the prevailing wind (upwind), whereas the leeward, or lee side, is the side sheltered from the wind by the mountains very elevation (downwind). Windward and leeward arent just arbitrary terms, they are important weather and climate factors. One is responsible for enhancing precipitation in the vicinity of mountain ranges, and the other, for withholding it. Windward Mountain Slopes Give Air (and Precipitation) a Boost Mountain ranges acts as barriers to the flow of air across the surface of the earth. When a parcel of warm air travels from a low valley region to the foothills of a mountain range, it is forced to rise along the slope of the mountain as it encounters higher terrain. As the air is lifted up the mountain slope, it cools as it rises (a process known as adiabatic cooling). This cooling often results in the formation of clouds, and eventually, precipitation which falls on the windward slope and at the summit. Known as orographic lifting, this event is one of three ways precipitation can form (the other two are frontal wedging and convection).   The Northwestern United States and the Front Range Foothills of Northern Colorado are two examples of regions that regularly see precipitation induced by orographic lift. Leeward Mountain Slopes Encourage Warm, Dry Climates Opposite from the windward side is the lee side the side sheltered from the prevailing wind. (Because prevailing winds in the mid-latitudes blow from the west, the lee side can generally be thought of as the eastern side of the mountain range. This is true most times but not always.) In contrast to the windward side of a mountain which is moist, the leeward side typically has a dry, warm climate. This is because by the time air rises up the windward side and reaches the summit, it has already stripped of the majority of its moisture. As this already dry air descends down the lee, it warms and expands (a process known as adiabatic warming), which causes clouds to dissipate and further reduces the possibility of precipitation. This occurrence is known as the rain shadow effect. It is the reason why locations at the base of a mountain lee tend to be some of the driest places on Earth. The Mojave Desert and Californias Death Valley are two such rain shadow deserts.   Downslope winds (winds that blow down the lee side of mountains) not only carry low relative humidity, they also rush down at extremely strong speeds and can bring temperatures as much as 50 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than the surrounding air. Katabatic winds, foehns, and chinooks are all examples of such winds. The Santa Ana Winds in Southern California are a well-known katabatic wind infamous for the hot, dry weather they bring in autumn and for fanning regional wildfires.

World War I's Technological innovations and its impact on modern Essay

World War I's Technological innovations and its impact on modern warfare - Essay Example Nationalism among European countries combined with growing tension and rivalries due to industrialization has led military buildups throughout the continent. Nations became aware of their neighboring nations and in response to this tension, England, France, and Russia formed an alliance which they called "Triple Entente". This alliance was aligned in preparation against Germany who allied with Austria-Hungary. Such alliances divided Europe with strict guarded borders thus the onset of an impending World War became virtually impossible to avoid. The beginning of war in Europe started when in 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir of the throne of Austria-Hungary was assassinated. Serbia was suspected to be behind the killing. Austria-Hungary attacked Serbia but it was protected by its ally, Russia. Then Germany came to the rescue for the Austrian because they were the ally of Austrian-Hungary. Militaries from different countries came to the rescue for their respective allies and the conflict grew out of scale. In more than a month, Europe and its neighboring countries were engulfed in war. But the militaries of different nations were not perplexed. This is because each of them has their own weaponries and technology to defend themselves. British Admiral Jacky Fisher wrote in 1915 that, "The war is going to be won by inventions." Weapons never been seen before such as tanks, the zeppelin, poison gas, the airplane, the submarine, and the machine gun has nevertheless fired their way through. World War I suddenly drew upon electrical technologies that had been under development for decades. Radio has become essential for communications and its transmission of voice was developed rather than codes. Electricity also contributed on the advancement of war. Battleships or tanks, for example, did had electric signaling lamps, helm indicator, fire alarms, remote control for bulkhead doors and controlled whistles which all uses electricity. Guns and turrets and raised gun magazine ammunitions also uses electricity. Incandescent and carbon-arc searchlights became usable during nighttime navigation, long-range daytime and nighttime signaling illuminates enemy ships during night engagements. Some of the most technological advances World War I has innovated and created were meant for attack and defense. These were the following: Weapons of War: Submarines. Although they had been around for decades, submarines became powerful weapons and became potential threat to any ship that sailed in deep waters. Their torpedoes can sink any ship that would invade territorial waters and these ships have become every nation's weapons in the waters. But the use of submarines was without restrictions that in May 1915 German submarine torpedoed Lusitania, a non-combatant U.S. ship killing 1,195 people on board. From then on, allied ships and submarines were outfitted with sensitive microphones that could detect engine noise from enemy submarines and ships. They developed sonar, but its development came nearly during the end of war (Museum). Aeroplanes. Ten years before the eruption of World War I, the Wright brothers have just made a second flight of their first

Spirituality in Organizational Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Spirituality in Organizational Strategy - Essay Example Senior leaders of the organization should be able to embrace it strategically and use it as a determinant of organizational performance. A leader should have emotional intelligence which will help support the spirituality of an organization. Casey claims that if a leader does not have emotional intelligence, it will be hard for him of her to embrace spirituality in his organization (34-46). Recently, there has been a major debate on business and spirituality, where many leaders have advocated for a link between issues of the soul and corporate success. However, there is some irony in this spirituality and business juxtaposition if a leader decides to reflect upon the signs of corporate scandals that have been brought by multiple legal and ethical lapses that occur in any organization. However, one would be cynical to think that spirituality phenomenon is a reason of many contradictions in organizations. This paper aims to explain why spirituality in an organization is strategically i mportant and how leaders can use it as a determinant of organizational performance. Leaders often doubt spirituality that is used outside any religious meetings, and therefore, this paper will discuss useful objectives that can be internalized into an organization strategy and how organizational leadership can affect their success. A leader is someone who is capable of influencing his followers to behave or think the same way. Spirit on the other hand, can be defined as a vital force within living beings. If we combine the two terms, it suggests that a leader is someone who can understand and seek out his inner self as well as fosters the same meaning to his employees. Srivastra asserts that spirituality in leadership is an approach in leadership where a leader will strive to influence a sense of interconnectedness and significance among his employees (45-67). Spirituality in leadership therefore, involves principles and spiritual values in the workplace. If a leader is spiritual he will understand the significance of employees finding meaning in the work, which demonstrate a genuine concern for the particular person and not just workers. Spirituality in leadership will help assist employees find meaning in their duties by addressing important questions like the great purpose of their work as well as the worth of their work. Additionally, it will help them in defining their ethical values and principles, legacy and who they are in the organization. Therefore, a spiritual leader will try hard to make his workplace a community, consisting of employees with shared beliefs, values and traditions. Such leadership will also focus more diversity and transformation, rather than on people and power as well as controlling. It will also focus on inspiration and collaboration (Nandam 23-46). However, this does not mean that being a spiritual leader, a leader should adhere to a particular religion or attempt to convince his employees to pursue specific religious set of pri nciples. It is concerned more with the growth of the workers as an individual person, people who show off their compassion to their customers, superiors, employees and subordinates (Bubna 34-88). Spirituality in an organization is important because the employers in the workplace will be able to find the meaning of their lives. In the world today, most of the employees look up to their workplace as one of the ways of defining their lives as well as give meaning to their lives that is torn apart by modern way of living. For example, back then people lived as close knit family, including their extended family, but the world today has changed because nuclear family is not enough to give an employee emotional support and

The Electronics Industry in India :: miscellaneous

The Electronics Industry in India The Electronics industry is one of the fastest growing industries right from its origin. The profit brought out of this is much more compared to other olden industries. India is one among the largest economies in the world and has a good GDP among emerging economies. The birth and growth of this industry in India is quiet interesting. With large population and the potential consumer demand is almost unlimited and hence a strong growth performance could be expected. The base of this industry. Basically Indian market is a consuming market, it grows as people consume more. The liberalization of the economy by 1991 has helped to a rapid growth this helped the electronics industry in India as one of the most important and emerging markets. The start of this industry here dates back to early 1960’s.Electronics was primarily focused to develop in the filed of communication systems for radios, telephony, telegraphy, and television broadcast. A lot of importance was given for the augme ntation of defense capabilities. Till 1980’s the electronic sector was government owned. From there on the growth of the electronic industry took off due to economic changes resulting in the globalization of the economy. The electronic industry recorded a very high growth in subsequent years by 1990’s. Private, foreign investments were encouraged. This was the starting point of forex to pour in. Easing the Norms for the investment, reduction in duties and deli censing of several consumer electronic products marked attraction of foreign investors. The domestic circle response to this was also favorable to the government policies. Allowing this industry for the private sector enabled entrepreneurs build industries to meet suppressed demand. Improvements in this industry have not been only to a particular area but in each and every process right from acquiring the raw materials to the packed product. Long steps have been made in the area of consumer products, communication, biomedical instrumentation, networking and defense. This resulted in significant market growth by late 1990’s. The sales of some basic units increased three-fold .the main area of focus has now turned to design, Compact packing and to provide vale added service. Analyzing the strength of this industry it has a competitive advantage by providing high quality-low price, large trained manpower poll. The key strength being developed infrastructure as compared to the mechanical industry. The software technology parks that have been established are providing the necessary software orientation for this industry.

MCI WorldCom Scandal Essay

Introduction MCI WorldCom was one of the largest telecommunications companies in the world. Bernie Ebbers founded WorldCom in 1983, after that WorldCom began as a re-seller of long-distance telephone services. WorldCom is located at Mississippi. After Ebbers bought around 50 other small long-distance firms, he set his sight on MCI. Thus MCI WorldCom would have become the second biggest telecom service provider in 1997. MCI WorldCom was formed on September-15-1998. WorldCom merged with the $37 billion MCI Communications Corporations, the company’s operations were organized around three divisions: * MCI WorldCom * U.S. telecommunications * WorldCom International The MCI WorldCom division is the second largest long distance company in the United States (after AT&T). It has fibre optic network of 45,000-mile long, which provides local phone service in more than 100 markets and offers services such as data, Internet, and other communications services. UUNET WorldCom has a highly trusted & reliable backbone network which provides local access to the Internet to a reach of more than 1,000 locations in and around the United States, Canada, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region. WorldCom International is not only a local but also facilities-based competitor in 15 countries outside the United States, connecting to the company’s overall global network to more than 5,000 buildings in Australia, Ireland, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Mexico Belgium, Brazil, France, The Netherlands, Singapore, Switzerland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Company – Timeline: Corporate founding 1983: Businessmen Murray Waldron and William Rector devise a plan to create a discount long distance provider called LDDS (Long-Distance Discount Service). 1985: Early investor Bernard Ebbers becomes the first chief executive officer of LDDS. 1989: LDDS becomes public through its first acquisition of Advantage Companies Inc. 1992: LDDS merges in an all-stock deal with discount long distance service provider Advanced Telecommunications Corp. MCI acquisition 1993: LDDS acquires long distance providers Resurgens Communications Group Inc and Metromedia Communications Corp. in a three-way stock. This creates cash transaction that becomes the fourth-largest long-distance network in the United States. 1994: LDDS continues its acquisition spree acquiring domestic and international communications network IDB Communications Group Inc. in an all-stock deal. 1995: LDDS acquires voice and data transmission company Williams Telecommunications Group Inc. for $2.5 billion and changes its name to WorldCom Inc. 1996: WorldCom merges with MFS Communications Company Inc. and UUNet Technologies Inc. 1998: WorldCom completes three mergers: with MCI Communications Corp. ($40 billion)—the largest in history at that time—Brooks Fiber Properties Inc. ($1.2 billion) and CompuServe Corp ($1.3 billion). Proposed Sprint merger 1 999: WorldCom and Sprint Corp. agree to merge. 2000: U.S. and European regulators block proposed merger with Sprint; WorldCom and Sprint terminate agreement. Accounting scandals & Bankruptcy 2002: A small team of internal auditors worked together secretly at WorldCom. During the night time, the auditors’ secret investigations revealed a $3.8 billion worth of fraud. WorldCom files for bankruptcy protection, listing some $107 billion in assets and $41 billion in debt, on a consolidated basis as of March 31. It was the largest such filing in U.S. history. 2003: The Company’s total assets had been inflated by about $11 billion. Creditors had lost faith in the organization. 2004: MCI officially emerges from bankruptcy, 21 months after filing the largest Chapter 11 case in history. 2005: Verizon Communications Inc. announces a $6.75 billion deal to buy MCI Inc. Former WorldCom Inc. chief executive Bernard J. Ebbers is found guilty of conspiracy, securities fraud and making false filings with regulators. Worldcom Top Management Team during Scandal: CEO – Bernard Ebbers CFO – Scott Sullivan Comptroller – David Myers Director of General Accounting – Buford â€Å"Buddy† Yates Pre-Scam Days At WorldCom LDDS changed its name to WorldCom in 1995. WorldCom was the second largest benchmarked long distance telecom provider in the USA and the biggest internet traffic carrier in the world, with a network stretching over 150,000km, and business presence in more than 65 countries. WorldCom faced explosive growth, at a scorching pace over the 15 years of its existence by acquiring many companies like MFS Communications Inc. and UUNet Technologies Inc. in 1996, MCI Communication Corp, Brooks Fiber Properties Inc., CompuServe Comp in 1998. In 2001, it made the largest merger with Intermedia Communication Inc., an internet and data services provider. With the acquisitions of UUNet and MCi, WorldCom had control over more than 50% of the Internet backbone infrastructure. Every acquisition led to higher stock price which in turn made way to finance another acquisition. The share price of WorldCom was at an all time high of $63.50, on June 18, 1999, with market value of $125 billion. Its value rose to $180 billion during the peak of the telecom boom. As long as the stock market was booming and the dot com bubble was expanding, no one cared to look into the fundamental stability of the company. Auditors also failed to perform thorough due diligence. WorldCom, in the late 1990’s was also an attractive takeover target for Nextel Communications, before the scandal. Scam – How it all happened? WorldCom, the second biggest long-distance telecom company in US and also the biggest carrier of Internet traffic in the world was the new economy company when it was launched. In its operation of 15 years, the company grew at a very rapid pace, majorly due to the ambition of its former chief executive officer (CEO) Bernard J. Ebbers. It majorly expanded by acquiring other smaller companies who had a potential to be their future competitors. The stock market supported them and the company growth was exorbitant and no one cared about the fundamentals of the company as it was giving high return year on year. Below mentioned is the chronological order of occurrence of events and the exposure of fraud. * March 2002 – The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) questioned WorldCom about its accounting procedures and about loans it had extended to its officers as it was curious about the rationale behind the offers. * April 2002 – The first sign of weakness came when company announced job cuts, the number was 3,700. Following the even, Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s and Fitch downgraded WorldCom’s credit rating and it was the beginning of the Justice department launching a probe into the scandal. * April 2002 – This month itself J. Ebbers resigned as CEO after the shocking revelation of lending of $339.7 million to Ebbers to cover loans that he took to buy his own shares. * June 25 – The Company revealed that improper accounting of $3.8 billion in expenses had covered up a net loss for 2001 and the first quarter of 2002. The company also announced that it planned to shed more than 20% of its workforce counting to be around 17,000 jobs. * June 26 – The case was filed by SEC against WorldCom alleging them for a securities fraud. It alleged that WorldCom’s top management â€Å"disguised its true operating performance† and â€Å"misled inve stors about its reported earnings†. Method that WorldCom adopted is been classified as an accounting scandal, the company used its balance sheet to boost revenues and profits while hiding expenditures. It did so by * Classifying ordinary day-to-day expenses and long-term expenses associated with the acquisition of capital assets as investments which led to WorldCom having a significant tax advantages. * WorldCom also tried to hide expenses to the amount of nearly $4 billion and instead showed them as profits in their account books. * Another ploy it employed was using WorldCom’s major operating expenses related to its â€Å"line costs†, the fees that it pays to third party telecom network providers for the right to access their networks. WorldCom capitalised these fees, terming them as investments, when, in fact, they were one of the most important day-to-day expenses. Financial experts pointed out that WorldCom’s accounting practices, made it impossible for investors to gauge the performance of the company. They not only overstated profitability they also misled the investors by the opaque nature of its regular operating performance. The shock for the people accentuated with revelation of Arthur Andersen, the disgraced auditing and consulting major as WorldCom’s auditor too. The WorldCom’s own internal audit department was the first one who unearthed the fraud of approximately $3.8 billion in June 2002. The company’s audit committee and board of directors were notified of the fraud and acted swiftly: Sullivan was fired, Myers resigned. By the end of 2003, it was estimated that the company’s total assets had been inflated by around $11 billion (WorldCom, 2005). Post-Scam Days At WorldCom Around 17,000 jobs were cut in order to save $1 billion. The company had yet to pay many of its creditors. Many of the small creditors included former employees, primarily those who were dismissed during June 2002. On August 7, 2002, the exWorldCom 5100 group was formed. It included former WorldCom employees with a common goal of seeking the benefits and full payment of severance pay under the WorldCom Severance Plan. The â€Å"5100† signifies the number of WorldCom employees dismissed in June 2002 before WorldCom filed for bankruptcy. In 2004, the company emerged from bankruptcy, with $5.7 billion in debt and $6 billion in cash. It was renamed MCI. About half of the cash was intended to pay various claims and settlements. Previous bondholders were paid 35.7 cents on the dollar, in bonds and stock in the new MCI company. The previous stockholders’ stock was cancelled, causing huge loss to stockholders. On February 14, 2005, Verizon Communications acquired MCI for $7.6 billion. On March 15, 2005 the CEO , Bernard Ebbers, was found guilty of all charges and convicted of fraud. He was accounted for the $11 billion accounting scandal, conspiracy and filing false documents with regulator. Many other officials were also charged with criminal penalties in relation to the company’s financial misstatements. These included former CFO Scott Sullivan (entered a guilty plea on March 2, 2004 to one count each of securities fraud, conspiracy to commit securities fraud, and filing false statements), former comptroller David Myers (pleaded guilty to securities fraud, conspiracy to commit securities fraud, and filing false statements on September 27, 2002), former accounting director Buford Yates (pleaded guilty to conspiracy and fraud charges on October 7, 2002), and former accounting managers Betty Vinson and Troy Normand (both pleading guilty to conspiracy and securities fraud on October 10, 2002). On July 13, 2005 Bernard Ebbers received a sentence of imprisonment for 25 years. At that time, Ebbers was 63 years old. On September 26, 2006, Ebbers surrendered himself to the Federal Bureau of Prisons prison at Oakdale, Louisiana, the Oakdale Federal Corrections Institution to begin serving his sentence. During March 2005, 16 of WorldCom’s 17 former underwriters reached settlements with the investors. During December 2005, MCI joined Microsoft Corporation by providing Windows Live Messenger customers â€Å"Voice Over Internet Protocol† (VoIP) service to make telephone calls. This was MCI’s last new product—- called â€Å"MCI Web Calling†. This product was renamed â€Å"Verizon Web Calling†, after the merger. Corporate governance Failure In 2002, when world’s second largest telecom giant WorldCom filed for bankruptcy at federal court in Manhattan, United States witnessed one of the largest accounting frauds in history. Former CEO of WorldCom, Mr. Bernie Ebbers was held responsible for orchestrating the USD 11 billion accounting fraud and sentenced to 25 years in federal prison on July 13, 2005. WorldCom fiasco is a clear case of corporate governance failure. How could a fraud of such enormity go unnoticed by the Board of Directors at WorldCom? What happened to industry watchdogs? In WorldCom’s case, most of the deviations from proper corporate behaviour resulted from the failure of Board of Directors to recognize and effectively deal with the aftermaths of â€Å"greed culture†. WorldCom’s former CEO Bernie Ebbers’ desire to build and protect his personal wealth was the driving factor behind the fraud. For this reason, he had to show continually growing net worth in order to avoid margin calls on his own WorldCom stock that he had pledged to secure loans [1]. While probing this enormous failure in corporate governance and what could have been done to evade it, we came across an interesting document entitled â€Å"Report of Investigation† dated March 31, 2003. This Report was prepared for, among others, the Federal Bankruptcy Court overseeing WorldCom case [1]. From the report, we have drawn various points to understand the corporate governance failure at WorldCom. Accounting Misstatements WorldCom made major accounting misstatements that hid the increasingly perilous financial condition of the company. The Report described the accounting tomfoolery as follows: â€Å"†¦ As enormous as the fraud was, it was accomplished in a relatively mundane way: more than $9 billion in false or unsupported accounting entries were made in WorldCom’s financial systems in order to achieve desired reported financial results.† Drivers of the fraud The motivating factor behind this fraud was the business strategy (personal) of WorldCom’s CEO, Bernie Ebbers. Here was a man who put his personal gain above organization’s growth. In the 1990s, Ebbers wanted to achieve spectacular growth through a series of acquisitions. But, there was a catch – He did NOT have the necessary resources to fund his acquisition binge. So, he used WorldCom stocks to accomplish his shopping (acquisition) spree. But, the most important thing was, WorldCom stock had to continually increase in value to be of any use to Ebbers personal agenda. He felt the need to prove ever-growing revenue and income. His only option to accomplish this end was financial gimmickry. However, he faced the age-old problem which all conmen face – It is difficult to sustain deception in the long run! Complicating Ebbers’ circumstances was an industry-wide slump in telecommunications. During this time, Wall Street had continuing expectations of double-digit growth for WorldCom. After all, they had accomplished so much in such a relatively short period of time. But, WorldCom needed time to learn managing the new businesses it had acquired. To continue on the path of double digit growth, WorldCom had to consolidate the acquired businesses and turn them into money minting machines. However, Ebbers did not have the backbone to stand up and accept that WorldCom needed time. Instead he went ahead and presented Wall Street what it expected from WorldCom – Ever-growing revenues and income even when in reality none existed. He fudged the company books and met Wall Street’s expectations. Another major reason motivating this fraud was Ebbers’ very obvious aspiration to build and guard his personal financial situation. For this reason, he had to show continually growing net worth in order to avoid margin calls on his own WorldCom stock that he had pledged to secure loans [1]. He did that. While most of the reports blame Ebbers for the entire episode, the Board of Directors are not blameless. WorldCom supported revisionist model of Corporate Governance – though the Board reigns (de jure), the imperial CEO rules (de facto). WorldCom’s corporate governance failure resulted in the following: * Company filed for bankruptcy * CEO was sentenced to 25 years of imprisonment * Shareholders saw their shares become useless * Lenders were strained to take losses on their loans * Employees lost jobs Court Ordered Fix The Bankruptcy Court directed the newly constituted Board of Directors and the newly appointed Corporate Monitor to fix this horrible example of corporate failure. The measures suggested.., * A corporate culture of openness, in which ethical conduct is encouraged and expected, as exemplified by the ethics pledge that the Company and the Corporate Monitor have developed and that senior management has signed * A corporate culture in which the counsel of lawyers is sought and valued; * Formalized and well-documented policies and procedures, including a clear and effective channel through which employees can raise concerns or report acts of misconduct References: 1. http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/10/MCI-WorldCom-Inc.html#ixzz2IriwULfD 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCI_Inc. 3. http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/mci-worldcom-inc-history/ 4. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A49156-2002Jun26.html 5. http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/45542.html 6. http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/723527/000093176303001862/dex991.htm 7. http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1915/19150810.htm 8. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2002/aug/09/corporatefraud.worldcom2 9. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/22/us/worldcom-s-collapse-the-overview-worldcom-files-for-bankruptcy-largest-us-case.html 10. http://voices.yahoo.com/worldcom-scandal-look-back-one-biggest-225686.html?cat=3 11. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/22/us/worldcom-s-collapse-the-overview-worldcom-files-for-bankruptcy-largest-us-case.html 12. http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&ved=0CDkQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2005%2F03%2F15%2Fnews%2Fnewsmakers%2Febbers%2F&ei=yOkAUZbcKcbirAeVwIC4BA&usg=AFQjCNHSfWmXHV-ryl3POQ1NU_MMYLmvjA&bvm=bv.41524429,d.bmk 13. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/22/us/worldcom-s-collapse-the-overview-worldcom-files-for-bankruptcy-largest-us-case.html 14. http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&ved=0CDkQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2005%2F03%2F15%2Fnews%2Fnewsmakers%2Febbers%2F&ei=yOkAUZbcKcbirAeVwIC4 BA&usg=AFQjCNHSfWmXHV-ryl3POQ1NU_MMYLmvjA&bvm=bv.41524429,d.bmk