10 Countries With the Highest Population Density

Cities are known for being crowded, but some cities are far more crowded than others. What makes a city feel crowded isnt just the number of people who live there but the physical size of the city. Population density refers to the number of people per square mile. According to the Population Reference Bureau, these ten countries have the worlds highest population densities 1. Manila, Philippines — 107,562 per square mile The capital of the Philippines is home to roughly two million people. Located on the eastern shore of Manila Bay the city is home to one of the finest ports in the country. The city regularly hosts over a million  tourists each year, making the busy streets even more crowded. 2. Mumbai, India — 73,837 per square mile Its no surprise that the Indian city Mumbai comes in second on this list with a population of over 12 million people. The city is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India. The city lies on the West coast of India and has a deep natural bay. In 2008, it was dubbed an alpha world city. 3. Dhaka, Bangladesh — 73,583 per square mile Known as the city of mosques, Dhaka is home to roughly 17 million people. It was once one of the most wealthy and prosperous cities in the world. Today the city is the countries political, economic and cultural center. It has one of the largest stock markets in South Asia. 4. Caloocan, Philippines — 72,305 per square mile Historically, Caloocan is important for being home to the secret militant society that spurred the Philippine  Revolution, also known as the Tagalong war, against Spanish colonialists. Now the city is home to almost two million people. 5. Bnei Brak, Isreal — 70,705 per square mile Just east of Tel Aviv, this city is home to 193,500 residents. It is home to one of the largest coca-cola bottling plants in the world. Israels first womens only department stores were built in Bnei Brak; its an example of the gender segregation; implemented by the ultra Orthodox Jewish population. 6. Levallois-Perret, France — 68,458 per square mile Located roughly four miles from Paris, Levallois-Perrett is the most densely populated city in Europe. The city is known for its perfume industry and beekeeping. A cartoon bee has even been adopted at the citys modern emblem. 7. Neapoli, Greece — 67,027 per square mile   The Greek city of Neapoli comes in at number seven on the list of most densely populated cities. The city is divided into eight different districts. While only 30,279 people live in this small city thats impressive given its size is only .45 square miles! 8. Chennai, India — 66,961 per square mile Located on the Bay of Bengal, Chennai is known as the education capital of South India. Its home to almost five million people. Its also considered one of the safest cities in India. Its also home to a large expat community. Its been dubbed one of the must-see cities in the world by the BBC. 9. Vincennes, France — 66,371 per square mile Another suburb of Paris, Vincennes is located just four miles from the city of lights. The city is probably most famous for its castle, Chateau de Vincennes. The castle was originally a hunting lodge for Louis VII but was enlarged in the 14th century. 10. Delhi, India — 66,135 per square mile The city of Delhi is home to roughly 11 million people, putting it just after Mumbai as one of Indias most populated cities. Delhi is an ancient city which has been the capital of various kingdoms and empires. Its home to numerous landmarks. Its also considered the book capital of India due to its high readership rates.

`` Nathan The Wise `` And Francoise De Graffigny s...

During the eighteenth century, marriage was a representation of not only the unity between man and women but it was also a representation of a woman taking a servile, less meaningful role in the household. Once married, women were expected to be completely submissive to their husbands. This was the norm across Europe and even in enlightened society. These relationships were hierarchical. It was not customary for women to attend schools that educated men the math and sciences. Women holding privileged positons in society traditionally allotted to men were seen as the exception. Yet these exceptions did not generally bother society because they did not lead to certain conclusion that women could do anything. In Gotthold Lessing’s novel â€Å"Nathan the Wise† and Francoise de Graffigny’s â€Å"Letters from a Peruvian Woman†, both authors upset traditional expectations about what constitutes a novel’s happy ending by refusing to end either of their nove ls with weddings. In Lessing’s â€Å"Nathan the Wise†, the rejection of marriage plot reflects a larger symbolic representation of religious tolerance. While in Graffigny’s novel â€Å"Letters from a Peruvian Woman†, the rejection of marriage plots illustrates a woman whose circumstances would make her the exception. Zilia, Graffigny’s main character, was an enlightened woman who chose sovereignty over servitude. Therefore, I would argue that the intentions behind both Lessing and Graffigny’s rejection of the marriage plot was not to serve the same

Unit 9 the Welfare System Human Services and Social Policy Free Essays

string(172) " Foster care parents who open their homes where children who need a safe haven for a few weeks or months, or long term foster care homes where children may live for years\." The Welfare System The Welfare System Instructor: Dr. Michelle March HN300-01 DUE: 12/20/2011 Instructor: Dr. Michelle March HN300-01 DUE: 12/20/2011 Franklin Moe, Jr. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 9 the Welfare System Human Services and Social Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Human Services Social Policy Franklin Moe, Jr. Human Services Social Policy To understand the â€Å"Welfare System† one must know its history. The American welfare system has changed dramatically over the past 80 years. A 100 years ago, families, local communities, and charities; typically religious based, served as the safety net for those who had fallen on hard times. The Great Depression of the 1930s would see a change in social policy with the passing of President Roosevelt’s â€Å"New Deal† establishing Social Security and Aid to Dependent Children (ADC. ) Thus was born the American Welfare System. The U. S. welfare system stayed in the hands of the federal government for the next sixty-one years. Many Americans were unhappy with the welfare system, claiming that individuals were abusing the welfare programs by not applying for jobs, having more children just to get more aid, and staying unmarried so as to qualify for greater benefits. Further expansion came with the Johnson’s administration in the 1960s with the establishment of Medicare, Medicaid, Public Housing, and other programs. During the Reagan presidency it was claimed that mothers with infants should not be allowed to become dependent on the welfare system, and that providing assistance for children under one year of age constituted such â€Å"dependency† The welfare system remained relatively unchanged till 1996 when President Clinton signed a sweeping welfare reform law that is still a hot topic of public controversy today. When Clinton was elected he had the intention of changing the welfare system. In 1996 the Republican Congress passed a reform law signed by President Clinton that gave the control of the welfare system back to the states. Conservatives claim a dramatic decline in welfare caseloads, while Liberals attribute the decline to a once healthy economy (www. welfareinfo. org). â€Å"Compared with those of other western industrialized nations, the U. S. social safety net is exceptional in numerous ways. Federal, state, and local governments in the United States spend far less on social welfare per capita than do peer nations† (Schaefer Simmons, 2009 p. 1). The purpose of the welfare system is to address social problems (www. policyalmanac. org (ND) retrieved 11/27/11). â€Å"Some argue that the â€Å"importance† of a social problem depends on two things (1) the power and social status of those who are defining the problem and urging the expenditure of resources toward a solution and (2) the sheer number of people affected. Thus, the more people affected and the greater the social power and status of those urging a solution, the more important the social problem† (Chambers Wedel 2009 p. 7). However, it should be understood that social problems are â€Å"highly variable and depend on the viewer† (Chamber Wedel 2009 p. 9). â€Å"There are four points to consider when doing a social problem analysis: 1) Identify the way the problem is defined. 2) Identify the cause(s) to which the problem is attributed (its antecedents) and is most serious consequences. 3) Identify the ideology-the values, that is-that makes the events of concern come to be defined as a problem. 4) Identify who benefits (gains) and who suffers (loses) from the existence of the problem† (Chambers Wedel 2009 pp. 9-10). The welfare system is too complex a subject, and the social problems the system addresses are beyond the scope of this essay. However, I will discuss the goal and objectives for creating the welfare system, and address how these services are distributed. The federal government provides assistance through Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). TANF is a grant given to each state to run their own welfare programs. The TANF grant requires that all recipients of welfare aid must find work within two years of receiving aid, including single parents who are required to work at least 30 hours per week. Failure to comply with work requirements could result in loss of benefits. Eligibility for a welfare program depends on numerous factors. Eligibility is determined using gross and net income, size of the family, and any crisis situation such as medical emergencies, pregnancy, homelessness or unemployment (www. welfareinfo. org retrieved 12/12/11). A case worker is assigned to those applying for aid. They will gather all the necessary information to determine the amount and type of benefits that an individual is eligible for. The new welfare system actively discourages mothers from marrying. As the entire emphasis is now on getting the mothers into the workforce, and adding that the period during which they can receive â€Å"benefits† greatly extends if they remain single, the new version of the welfare system is both undermining traditional family values and even contributing to the poverty level by its continuing focus on keeping mothers single and in the workforce. One cannot talk about the welfare system without a focus on child welfare. Child welfare is a broad term that is used to describe the process of protecting children from abuse and neglect. A comprehensive child welfare system usually has multiple components and may involve numerous social services agencies working together in a community to provide a safety net for vulnerable children. In most communities a child welfare services include investigations of child maltreatment, foster care, protective living arrangements for children, counseling, financial assistance, and adoption programs. The scope and quality of child welfare services varies a great deal from one community to another (www. welfareinfo. org retrieved 12/13/11). The purpose of the investigative program is to inquire into allegations of abuse and neglect. Many times these referrals are screened out. Many of these investigations do not turn up any evidence of neglect or abuse however, when the children are in imminent danger of harm from further abuse or neglect, the children services investigations will turn the case over for placement. Most child welfare services also provide foster care. Foster care can consist of emergency shelters where children are housed for a few hours or days. Foster care parents who open their homes where children who need a safe haven for a few weeks or months, or long term foster care homes where children may live for years. You read "Unit 9 the Welfare System Human Services and Social Policy" in category "Papers" Some child welfare services programs also operate residential programs which are specialized to provide care for children who may suffer from extreme emotional and behavioral problems. However, there are more children in need of foster care than there are foster homes and group homes in which to place them, child welfare agencies typically have programs for what is known as family preservation. The purpose of these family preservation programs is to provide intense counseling and support for a multitude of family problems according to The History of the Welfare System (www. voices. yahoo. om retrieved 12/12/11). Families involved in these programs may have a combination of problems that range from substance abuse, domestic violence, emotional problems, severe mental disorders, financial difficulties, and lack of appropriate parenting skills. The family preservation programs provided through the child welfare system helped to keep children in their homes when the abuse or neglect was relatively mild. When the parents receive the proper kinds of support and intervention many of them are able to continue to provide care for their children and keep them free of abuse or neglect (www. elfareinfo. org retrieved 12/14/11). Many child welfare programs also incorporate eligibility programs that provide welfare benefits to enable parents who live in poverty to apply for food stamps, Medicaid, childcare subsidies, housing subsidies, and other assistance to help these parents provide basic needs for their children. The ability to access these services allows many families to feel less stress in taking care of their children, and helps keep children from having their basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter go unmet (www. welfareinfo. org retrieved 12/15/11). Most child welfare services also have programs that arrange for adoption. Adoption is necessary for child welfare programs so that permanent homes can be found for those children whose parents are unable to raise them in a safe healthy environment. The termination of parental rights is the last resort for families who are not able to keep their children safe, but this process occurs after all the alternatives that child welfare programs have to offer and have been tried. The welfare system in and of itself is nothing; it is a conglomeration of policies and programs. There are three styles of welfare policy analysis: the analytic-descriptive, the value-committed, and the value-critical methods (Chambers Wedel, 2009 p. 44). While recognizing that political occasions will arise during which is essential? The value-committed approach is rejected because it is not open to new data or conclusions. The fact argues for the value-critical style which forces into the open, the effects of ideology is inherent in the analytic method use. The analytic-descriptive method fails as a policy analysis because it commits the analyst to unattainable assumptions. Such assumptions can be unrealistic because any judgment of social programs requires judgment of social worthiness (Chambers Wedel, 2009, p. 44). Chambers and Wedel explain there are six policy elements which form the cornerstone of every policy and program of the welfare system. It is these elements on which the practical social policy analyst ultimately will base judgments about a policy or program. The six policy elements are as follows: 1. Goals and Objectives 2. Forms of benefits or services delivered 3. Entitlement (eligibility rules) . Administrative or organizational structure for service delivery 5. Financing method 6. Interaction among the foregoing elements These six are without which a policy or program cannot be operated, they are necessary to implement a policy or program within the welfare system (2009, p. 38). Many studies have examined the effect of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) on employment trends, financial s ecurity and family structure, but few have considered the implications for mental health issues. Yet mental health is central to a key objective of welfare reform. Results suggest that before PRWORA, welfare recipients did not differ from other poor women in depressive or alcohol dependence symptoms. Ten years after the reform, welfare recipients experience more depressive symptoms than other poor women. This suggests that welfare reform left unusually symptomatic women on rolls. The finding also suggests that mental health services are critical if welfare recipients are to succeed in making the transaction from welfare to work (Rote Quandagno, June 2011, p. 29-245). Changes will come over time, administrations will continue to tweak the system here and there in the hopes of coming up with something better than previous generations. Drug testing may very well be a viable way to control abuse of the welfare system in the future too, welfare policies and programs are a hit and miss kind of thing, and it will be interesting to see what the future holds for the welfare system. Pove rty is a phenomenon within a capitalistic society. No amount of funding appropriated for the welfare system will ever be able to completely eradicate poverty. Some people, no matter how much resources they are given, cannot pull themselves out of the clutches of poverty. This has been proven time after time when poverty stricken people win the lottery and end up worse off than they were before winning. As long as there is poverty then we can hope at least in the United States of America there is the welfare system to fall back on for the truly needy. References www. welfareinfo. org Schaeffer, H. L. amp; Simmons, E. D. The development of an unequal social safety net: Journal of Sociology and Welfare, Sep 2009, vol. 36 issue 3, p179-199 www. policyalmanac. org/social_welfare/index. shtml Chambers, D. E. , Wedel, K. E. (2009). Social policy and social programs: A method for the practical policy analyst (5th ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson www. voices. yahoo. com/welfare Rote, S. Quandagno, J. : Depression and Alcohol Dependence among Poor Women: Before and After Welfare Reform: Social Service Review; Jun2011, vol 85 Issue 2, p229-245, 17p. How to cite Unit 9 the Welfare System Human Services and Social Policy, Papers

Child and Adolescent Health Assessment Evidence Based Case Study

Question: Discuss about the Child and Adolescent Health Assessmentfor Evidence Based Case Study. Answer: Introduction Meningitis refers to inflammation of meninges (lining or membranes around brain and spinal cord) in the brain. The disease can be of viral or bacterial etiology, apart from other causes such as cancer and fungal infection. The disease caused due to viral or bacterial infection is most common among all types of meningitis and can spread through close contact with the patient. Among viral and bacterial meningitis, symptoms caused as a result of bacterial meningitis are considered more extreme and are a large cause of mortality in patients (Cunningham et.al 2014). Different bacterial types of meningitis include meningitis of hemophilus influenza type as well as Neisseria meningitis type (meningococcal meningitis). Typically, children and babies are affected by meningitis of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitis, Hemophilus influenza and group B Streptococcus type. Key symptoms critical to diagnose meningitis include looking for neck stiffness in patient, which may be leading to automatic response in limbs, primarily knees; this reflex is known as Brudzinskis sign. Other diagnostic tests for meningitis include detection of inflammation in brain CT scan, antibodies in blood tests and testing of cerebrospinal fluid through lumbar puncture (Polit Beck, 2008). Globally, more than 1.2 million bacterial meningitis cases are estimated to surface every year (WHO Manual, 2011). While people from all age groups are susceptible to meningitis infection, children below 5 years and infants are at higher risk of viral and bacterial meningitis respectively. Generally, community setting such as college campuses are key sites for spread of meningitis infection. Bacterial meningitis of meningococcal nature typically spread through respiratory fluids, passed as a result of coughing, sneezing, or kissing. Treatment of bacterial and fungal agents depends on administration of anti-microbial nature which are best suitable, while viral meningitis is typically not treated with anti-microbial agents (Cunningham et.al 2014). Immunization against the disease in early age is considered the best way to prevent occurrence of this disease. Interpretation of Physical Assessment Details The assessment record of the child patient, Sophia, indicates normal gastrointestinal and genitourinary symptoms. However, loss of appetite has been recorded in the patient, which is one of the signs of infection of meningitis nature (Polit Beck, 2008). Patients heart rate is normal, while the blood pressure shows reduced diastolic pressure at 60 mm Hg, which may be indicative of reduced body fluid volume. Body temperature is high at 39.7 degrees C, indicating presence of fever. However, abnormalities in neurological symptoms including irritation, sluggishness, and reluctance of move extremities indicate neurological nature of the disease. Sensitivity to light and stiffness in neck indicate towards meningitis of hemophilus influenza type B, as initial diagnosis has indicated. However, presence of purpuric rash indicates that meningitis of meningococcal nature may be present, as rashes are not typically present in meningitis of hemophilus B type infection. Typically, rashes of dark purple color may appear, in case of advanced stage meningococcal meningitis (Polit Beck, 2008). Unlike meningitis of hemophilus influenza type, meningococcal meningitis is caused by Neisseria meningitis. According to research, meningococcal meningitis is more common than other types of meningitis in children. Chances of infection spreading is also very high in case of meningococcal meningitis and care should be provided with promptness (Cunningham et.al 2014). The child has also not been indicated to be immunized, which enhances the possibility of meningitis due to infection. Additionally, diminished urine output indicates patients may be experiencing dehydration, which is a common and dangerous occurrence in these infections (Tae-Wan K. et al, August 2010). Presence of dry mouth, as shown in initial physical assessment also indicates that patients is experiencing dehydration of severe nature. To add to this, reduction in diastolic blood pressure to 60 mm Hg is also indicative of dehydration in patient. Immediate provision and control of body circulatory fluids would be required for the patient in this case (Polit Beck, 2008). In case dehydration goes out of control, the patient may experience seizures or brain damage and even death. Lethargy and high proneness to sleep are also additional indications, conforming the presence of meningitis. Other symptoms confirming to meningitis include pale skin type and reduced breathing rate (at 11 br eaths per minute), as these are also typically observed in such infections. Key Problems In the described case of the patient Sophia, it is important to establish the exact nature of meningitis infection quickly and provide medical care appropriate to the infection type. In case, infection is of meningococcal nature, and different from hemophilus influenza type, risk of septicemia (poisoning of blood by meningitis causing pathogens) may also be there. Darkening of skin around light colored skin areas such as extremities of limbs is indicative of spreading septicemia and should be looked for in the patient. Extraction of cerebrospinal fluid through lumber puncture and subsequent analyses would be required to pinpoint the exact nature of meningitis. Within the CSF, analysis is done to determine number of white blood cells, proteins and glucose in the sample. It is understood that bacterial type of meningitis shows larger number of neutrophils and low glucose quantity. A lumbar puncture or spinal tap requires collection of CSF from patients back for analysis (Cunningham et.al 2014). However, in case blood pressure of the patient falls quickly and the patient is anticipated to be falling in a state of shock, extracting cerebrospinal fluid would be contraindicated and has to be done away with. Typically, increased white blood cells count and protein level along with low sugar levels in the CSF are indicative of meningitis infection. Imaging techniques involving magnetic resonance imagery or CT scan may also be utilized to determine the extent and nature of infection already in patients system. It is important to start the patient on broad spectrum antibiotics, until the exact nature of meningitis infection is determined and a more specific treatment in provided. As patient is suffering from severe dehydration, immediate fluid resuscitation is required to avoid the risk of shock. Isotonic saline solution or colloid bolus administration may be warranted to provide normal circulatory volume to the patients body (Tae-Wan K. et al, August 2010). Different parameters should be continuously monitored including blood pressure and other normal body functions to check severity of dehydration and progression of the state of shock. Best Practices It is important to analyze the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the patients extracted through a lumber puncture, to identify the exact nature of meningitis. Rich neutrophil content and low glucose content in the CSF would be indicative of meningitis of bacterial etiology. At the same time, time should not be wasted in starting preliminary care and patient should be immediately started on antibiotics and steroids. Delay in starting the patient on antibiotics may results in aggravation of infection and also death (Polit Beck, 2008). Recommended antibiotics at the outset are ceftriaxone or cefotaxime, and best antibiotic to administer should be determined based on consideration of resistance and any prior sensitivity on the part of patient. Steroid therapy is also required in certain cases, to avoid coagulation in blood. However, in some cases, patients already on anti-microbial therapy may not require steroid administration, as effect would necessarily be complimentary to each other. Non -steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen may help alleviate symptoms such as pain, inflammation, and fever (Cunningham et.al 2014). It is important to maintain sufficient fluid circulatory volume at all times and patient should be immediately started on fluid therapy, with constant monitoring of blood pressure. In case the blood pressure continues to fall despite fluid therapy, vasoactive agents including dopamine may be injected to maintain blood pressure. Milrinone and dobutamine are other agents of vasoactive nature which may be useful in such a situation. In some patients, hyperglycemic condition may result due to meningitis, which may warrant the use of insulin for control of sugar level in blood. Increase in blood sugar levels combined with shock condition has been found to be one of the key reasons for death in meningitis patients (Polit Beck, 2008). Additionally, blood transfusion may also be required in case hemoglobin level falls below required levels. Family and Child Care Considerations As the child is unimmunized, close family members should also be checked for any abnormal symptoms as infection could have spread to such members. Typically, close family members are at highest risk of infection and infection could spread through respiratory or throat based secretions. It may be advisable to start patients family members on an antimicrobial therapy for prophylaxis against meningitis (Polit Beck, 2008). It also needs to be determined if any of the family members have been earlier vaccinated against meningitis, in which case prophylactic treatment with anti-microbials may not be required for such family members. In general, the family members need to be educated against risks of contamination and should be advised and keep cleanliness, including washing hands, using separate utensils and avoiding very close contact with the patient at all times. The patients mouth should also be covered at all times to prevent risk of respiratory fluids transfer of infection. Until the time that child shows symptoms of infection such as fever and rashes, these measures are to be continued with urgency (Polit Beck, 2008). It is also important for the laboratory personnel to follow guidelines and take necessary protection steps to prevent any contamination to themselves. Lab staff needs to be properly trained before handling the pathogenic samples for testing, while nursing staff also needs to take required precautions before dealing with the patient (WHO Manual, 2011). It is warranted that the child patient be admitted immediately to hospital and antibiotics are started. Once antibiotics are started, the patient needs to be monitored for 5-7 days and in case condition worsens, shifting to intensive care unit should be promptly considered. In the scenario of symptoms getting aggravated, support for breathing and other medications (for instance, to control blood pressure) could also be required. In typical cases, benefits of anti-microbial therapy should start to show within 2-3 days, while fever is expected to persist beyond five days. It may be possible that the child develop complications such as deafness, seizures or delayed development even after cure of meningitis (Polit Beck, 2008). Avoidance of such symptoms would depend on early and prompt care, as well as disease progression at the time of admission. At the time of discharge, the child should be examined for hearing tests to check if any symptoms related to deafness have appeared. Also, family should be educated on the symptoms which are typically seen after discharge in such patients including tiredness, problems with hearing, frequent head aches and in some patients, hearing problems (WHO Manual, 2011). It is important for the family to follow-up with specialists regularly to get the childs recovery tested, post discharge. The patient may also experience mood swings and feel good on certain days followed by days of bad mood and uneasiness. Disturbances in sleep, depression and bed wetting may also surface as after effects of meningitis. Proper counselling on psychological level may also help the patient recover from these after effects (Polit Beck, 2008). Conclusion Meningitis is a disease of high mortality risks and should be treated promptly and appropriately at a quick pace. In the given case study for patient Sophia, all symptoms indicate towards meningitis, such as neck stiffness, presence of rash, reducing blood pressure, reluctance to move extremities and dislike towards light (Polit Beck, 2008). Presence of a purpuric rash indicates more towards meningococcal meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitis. Exact nature of meningitis is prescribed to be confirmed through pathological examination of CSF obtained through lumbar puncture. It is important meanwhile to start the patient on appropriate anti-bacterial therapy and closely monitor the vital symptoms in intensive care unit (Cunningham et.al 2014). Moreover, because of possibility of cross-contamination, close family members need to be monitored for any signs of meningitis. It may be advisable to administer antimicrobial therapy to such family members for prophylaxis. Close family also needs to be educated on different ways to avoid contamination until the child shows symptoms of infection. After discharge, the nursing staff also needs to provide proper counselling to the patients family on post discharge care and tackling the after effects of the disease such as mood swings experienced by the patient, deafness, depression, lethargy, and lack of concentration (WHO Manual, 2011). References CDC Website: https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/about/symptoms.html Cunningham, F., Leveno, K., Bloom, S., Spong, C. Y., Dashe, J. (2014). Williams Obstetrics, 24e. McGraw-Hill.https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/lab-manual/full-manual.pdf N.d. (2011). Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenza. WHO Manual, Second Edition. Retrieved fromhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2989465/ Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T. (2013). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Tae-Wan K., Whang J., Lee S., Choi J., Park S., Lee J. (August 2010). Acute Urinary Retention due to Aseptic Meningitis: Meningitis-Retention Syndrome. International Neurological Journal, 14 (2), 122-124, doi 10.5213/inj.2010.14.2.122. Retrieved from:

Tips to Find and Apply to High School Internships

Internships are no longer just attractive to college students. They are increasingly appealing to high school students as a way to explore potential academic paths and career options in a real world setting. Bhenrique, a student at UC Berkeley, was fortunate enough to have the opportunity to intern with the STEM office at the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE) when he was a high school student. He had the chance to observe and get hands-on with the effort that goes into providing public education. Because of his experience, he offers his insight and advice for high school students who are also looking for internship opportunities: 1. Search for Internships Online Typically, students looking for internships can do so online and find posted positions on the websites of specific companies, labs or start ups. Some of these internship opportunities are research based, like the Broad Institute Internship, while others are more traditional office internships. Either one would provide students with incredible experience and give you an opportunity to learn more about your intended major or career choice. 2. Choose Based on Your Interests Because you’ll get such valuable experience, I would recommend doing research or internships within your predicted major. For example, work at a hospital if you’re interested in studying pre-med or nursing, or work at an education nonprofit if you are interested in being a teacher. No only will this be beneficial to help you build your professional skills, but it will also help you discover how much you actually enjoy working these fields. 3. Take Initiative Just because an internship isn’t posted doesn’t mean there isn’t one available. I personally was not aware that you could intern for the DESE until I told my teacher that I was interested in an internship. Do your research and show your interest and it may materialize if you inquire about it. For example, you could find research projects at local colleges and email the professor running the research. A friend of mine emailed a professor at a college near his home about joining in on a physics research over the summer. The professor decided to take him on to the team after an interview, even though he didn’t initially have plans to bring on a high school student. (And these success stories aren’t rare!) 4. Talk to Your Guidance Counselor Some high schools have partnerships with colleges to help place high school students into internship programs. Even without these partnerships, your counselor can always reach out to their network or keep an eye out for an opportunity that might be a good fit. 5. It Never Hurts to Ask If you take anything away from this, it should be this: it never hurts to ask. The worst that can happen is that there is no high school internship opportunities. Having said that, you should also be prepared to take on the work if there is an opportunity. Be courteous and be grateful they are willing to give you the chance to join their team. As a Physics major now at UC Berkeley, I too have emailed professors and experts across the country asking to do research and I have had the chance to collaborate with many of them on building my own Quantum Physics Curriculum. Like college, where often research goes to those who ask for it, high school is very much the same where those who email may truly reap the benefits of clicking send. Have any other questions? UnlockBhenriques UC Berkeley college profileto learn more about his college application journey. Looking for more successful application examples or tips on landing a summer internship? Upgrade to one of ourpremium subscriptionstoaccess our searchable database of successful college applications and advice.

Cancer Research Video Essay Example

Cancer Research Video Essay Example Cancer Research Video Essay Cancer Research Video Essay The videos that I will be comparing are the Animal Aid and the Cancer Research Video. The animal aid company is a company that tries to get people to stop testing products on animals. They also carry out protests to the government to try and make it illegal. However not much has been done about it but the company still continues to carry out its good work. Cancer Research is an organisation that is trying to find a cure into cancer. They also try and find ways to prevent caner and issue information to people to minimise the risk of cancer and to look for warning signs.In my assignment I am going to compare the two media videos. I am going to compare the persuasive techniques that are used in the video and I am also going to look for similarities in camera techniques. The cancer research video is mainly aimed at adults. I know this because they ask for a donation and kids wouldnt have any money to donate to the organisation. I think the animal aid video is aimed at teenagers and upwards. I dont think it would be suitable for children or younger children as there are some disturbing scenes that would probably upset them. Both of the media videos use shock tactics and different techniques.Some of these techniques used in the video are very similar to each other and are very effective. In the cancer research video there is a shock tactic right at the start. A boy is stood looking into a mirror with a projection of his mum also in the mirror; his mum then puts his coat on and is made to look as if she is looking after him. The camera then takes a shot back to the boy and his mum isnt there. This is a shock tactic because his mum disappears meaning that she is no longer there. This presumably shows that she has died from some sort of cancer. There is also a close-up shot on the boys head.His head is bowed and he looks very sad that his mum is no longer there. This created emotion and captures the viewers attention. Another significant thing is that the boy looks quite scruffy. I think this has been done to show that he has no one to look after him because his mum has died. This creates an emotive image. People can also relate to this or think that this could happen to them. Because of this they are more likely to donate money to the organisation. The animal aid video also uses shock tactics and most of the duration of the video there are shock tactics used throughout it.Right from the start there are shocking videos showing what happens inside some of the animal testing centres. Hidden cameras are used in the video so they can show you what really happens. Shocking images are used like a monkey with CRAP burned onto his forehead. There are also images of humans that are hitting dogs and beating them up. The narrator at this point says that Beagles are friendly and like human attention. However on the film they look very scared and they are trying to get away from the humans. Along with a lot of shock tactics implemented into the video there are also lots of facts and figures brought up on the video.During the animal aid video there are both facts and figures brought up telling the viewer about how many animals are operated on a year and it then tells you how many actually worked. The cancer research video also shows a lot of facts and figures to the viewer. It gives you information on how many people catch cancer and how many are cured. It also tells you that 9 out of 10 children are cured from luqemia every year. The two videos are very like in this way although they have different objectives. The videos also contain a lot of repetition.The animal aid video also has repetition in it when a cross keeps coming up on the screen with a negative sound in the background. This happens because it is emphasising the fact that so many experiments have failed and that it is better to carry out some testing on humans instead. The cancer research video also has repetition in it. The i? 2 donation per month keeps coming up on the screen along with the number. This is also brought up in the video at different times. It is brought up four times in total. The video does this so you can keep the number in your head and also gives you a chance to pick up the phone and ring them.

Haiti Earthquake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Haiti Earthquake - Essay Example Community became more aware of the events happening in the world, which resulted in the occurrence of â€Å"citizen journalism† and blogs, when people can freely express their opinions on political, economic and social events. Different strategic approaches have been used in the cases of Haiti earthquake in January 2010 and VinayandSameer.org campaign in 2007-2008. The table below shows similarities and differences of their approaches. VinayandSameer.org Haiti Earthquake Strategy planned emergent Goal to make South Asian Americans register at NMDP donor database and take an action as a donor if they are called to share news about earthquake and help people find each other Features analytical creative and innovative Normal communications tools used television, public relations none (all were down) Social media tools used websites, blogs, emails, web links, educational videos, Facebook, etc. videos, pictures, text messages, iReports, Twitterfeeds, etc.

Clinical Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Clinical Depression - Essay Example In men the symptoms are found to be depressed mood, loss of interest in activities that give enjoyment, changing appetite, feelings of guilt, helplessness, suicidal intention, loss of interest in career, changing jobs, etc In women the symptoms are found to be sudden loss and gain of weight, physical pains and aches, emotional behavior, crying etc. However the loss of appetite and feeing of sadness and suicidal ideation are found to be seen as common for both men and women. The website called Healthyplace.com [2006] has found that â€Å"While women may cry, become withdrawn and gain or lose weight, men may abuse alcohol or drugs, work or eat exclusively and or become violent to themselves or others, among other things† This clinical depression is otherwise called as the major depression. People get a feeling of sadness continuously. It seems to attack people of the age group 25-50. But recent studies over the topic says that it might people at any age. Clinical depression exists in an individual for about six to nine months. But if not treated it might take a long journey and leave such prolonged stay might attribute to the abnormalities in the body condition. The causes are found to be ambiguous, but scientists have analyzed that genetics, biological and psychological reasons could be added to the cause for depression. Stress is discovered to be the major cause for this disease. This stress might arise form an individuals’ social and occupational and other areas of functioning. The chance of psychological effect over the development of this disease seem to be less as there are other causes that might contribute to the disease. The biological reason is that of the dysfunction of the neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters transmit signals between the cells in the brains. The chemical imbalance that occurs in the neurotransmitters leads to the depression. The level of the neurotransmitters affects the mood of

Innocent Drink Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Innocent Drink - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to analyze the strategies that had been adopted by Innocent Drinks to become one of the most popular brands in the fruit smoothies market. The aim is to evaluate ways in which a company had implemented its strategies to rise from a humble beginning and becoming a major market player. One of the most interesting facts about this company is that its organizational structure has gone through massive changes that had impacted overall business. The organizational structure of a company refers to its shape or hierarchical structure. The organizational structure describes allocation of tasks, supervision and coordination that helps in achieving desired goals. In case of Innocent Drinks, the company was set up by Richard Reed, Adam Balon and Jon Wrigh and was initially funded by Maurice Pinto (a wealthy businessman). The company had a little more than hundred staff while commencing the operations. There was minimal hierarchy in the organization. The unique feature about Innocent Drinks is that it does not own any of the juicing facilities. The company simply contracts the work of manufacturing smoothies to different sites. The growth of the company in first six years of its establishment is nothing less than a success story. By 2005, the company became the fastest growing smoothie company in U.K. Constant product innovation has been one of the most important factors that had contributed to growth of the company. The reason behind growth of the smoothie market in U.K. can be assessed with the help of PESTLE factors. Political: The political environment in the U.K. is stable that had enabled fast growth of the fruit smoothie industry. The U.K. government required a smoothie manufacturing company to state whether the products that is being produced is either concentrated fruit juice or pure fruit juice. Also, the government had been promoting anti-obesity campaigns and promoting development of health drinks (Rao, 2004). Economic:

Chemical Synthesis of a Gene: Phosphodiester Approach

Chemical Synthesis of a Gene: Phosphodiester Approach Chemical synthesis of a gene is the process of synthesizing an artificially designed gene into a physical DNA sequence by chemical methods. The amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by a gene enables the deduction of base sequence of the concerned gene. From the amino acid sequence of the protein and using a set of optimal codons, the nucleotide sequence of the gene can be back translated. However, the degeneracy of genetic code may present some problems, but a functional sequence of the gene can nonetheless be worked out and can be optimized for codon usage as well as for base composition. In principle, a DNA synthesizer can be used to synthesize the DNA sequence chemically and this can be cloned in the usual manner. But this is not so simple. A synthesizer will add bases sequentially one at a time to the growing oligonucleotide chain through a series of chemical reactions and washing steps. Synthesis of oligonucleotides 30-50 bases long is very reliable, longer sequences can be synthesized but the practical limit is not more than 100 bases. One way to solve this is to synthesize short fragments and join them chemically or enzymatically to create the longer fragment. However, the synthesizer makes single-stranded DNA, so the complementary strand has to be synthesized again to create a double-stranded DNA. It involves a lot of work but is achievable. Early studies. The synthesis of nucleic acids in the laboratory started about thirty years ago. Early synthetic efforts used phosphodiester approach which enabled the synthesis of short oligonucleotides of 10-20 nucleotides. This approach was based on the selection of the proper condensing agents for phosphodiester bond formation and at the same time suitable protective groups were employed for the bases and the ribose moiety. These oligonucleotides were then assembled into longer DNA fragments with the help of kinase and DNA ligase. From the known primary structure of a ribonucleic acid, tyrosine tRNA, Dr H Khorana and his colleagues deduced the DNA sequence and synthesized successfully a DNA segment containing 200 bp coding for the structural gene for tyrosine tRNA. However, the low yields in the condensation step, the long reaction times, and especially the time-consuming purification of intermediates led to believe that chemical gene synthesis is unlikely to become a standard lab oratory method. Since then, the procedure for oligonucleotide synthesis has been improved by several workers and they provide different approaches for synthesis as well as protection of bases and sugar moieties. There are three distinct methods: (1) phosphodiester approach, (2) phosphotriester or phosphate triester approach and (3) phosphite triester or phosphoramidite approach. Phosphodiester approach This method involves the formation of an ester linkage between an activated phosphate group of one nucleotide with the hydroxyl group of another nucleoside, thus forming the natural phosphodiester bridge between the 5-OH of one nucleoside unit and the 3-OH of the next. Here, 3-O-acetylnucleoside-5-O-phosphate (a) is activated by N,N-dicyclo- hexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or p-toluenesulphonylchloride(PTS/PTsCl) and subjected to react with a 5-O-protected nucleoside (b) to give a protected dinucleoside monophosphate or phosphodiester (c). Activation of phosphate moiety is essential for easier formation of the phosphodiester linkage and this is mediated by DCC or PTsCl. Now, to increase the chain length, one has to remove the 3-O-acetyl group by base catalysed hydrolysis. Further chain elongation is carried out by repeating the process. The major drawback of the phosphodiester method is the formation of pyrophosphate oligomers and oligonucleotides branched at the internucleosidic phosphate. Phosphotriester approach In this method, oligonucleotide branch formation is avoided by protecting the phosphate group with an ethylcyano group. A nucleotide containing 5-OH protected and phosphate protected by MMT and 2-cyanoethyl group respectively (compound a) is activated with 2,4,6-Triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (TPSCl) and subjected to reaction with a 3-O-protected nucleoside (b). This generates a dinucleoside monophosphate or phosphotriester (c) in which phosphate group is protected by 2-cyanoethyl group. The basic difference between phosphodiester and phosphotriester method is that, in phosphodiester method, the phosphate group is protected by two phosphoester linkage but in phosphotriester method the phosphate group is protected by one extra phosphoester linkage with 2-cyanoethyl group. In phosphotriester method, the formation of oligonucleotide branch at the internucleosidic phosphate is avoided. Phosphite triester or phosphoramidite approach The phosphite triester or phosphoramidite approach for oligonucleotide synthesis was based upon the use of phosphoramidite monomers and the use of tetrazole catalysis. In phosphite triester method, the starting compound is N-6-benzoyldeoxyadenosinephosphoramidite (if adenine is the first base) where the phosphorous atom is in the +3 oxidation state. So unlike the other methods, the formation of oligonucleotides branch is not possible in this process. In this approach, the oligonucleotide is synthesized by a series of reactions described below. Protection of base and sugar In this step, the free -NH2 group of the bases are protected by benzoylation or acylation depending upon the nature of bases. The 5-hydroxyl group is also protected by dimethoxytrityl group (DMT), which protects only primary hydroxyl group but not secondary. The reactions are illustrated in CSG_Fig 3., the blocked bases are shown in the inset. Formation of phosphite triester or phosphoramidite In this step phosphite triester is synthesized by a series of reactions. First, 2-cyanoethanol on reaction with phosphorus trichloride produces an intermediate compound which on further reaction with di-isopropylamine (two-equivalent) and 5-OH protected nucleoside (one-equivalent) produces phosphite triester (CSG_Fig 4). This phosphoramidite will be repeatedly used during the oligonucleotide synthesis process described below. The synthesis procedure The synthesis is carried out in several steps described below: Step 1: The deblocking step The first base, which is attached to the solid support, is at first inactive because all the active sites have been blocked or protected. The free -NH2 groups in the bases remains protected by benzoylation or acylation depending upon the bases and the -OH group is protected by dimethoxytrityl group (DMT). To add the next base, the DMT group protecting the 5-hydroxyl group must be removed (deblocking). This step is also called detritylation. This is done by adding either dichloroacetic acid (DCA) or trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in dichloromethane (DCM), to the reaction column. The 5-hydroxyl group is now the only reactive group on the base monomer. This ensures that the addition of the next base will only bind to that site. The reaction column is then washed to remove any extra acid and by-products. Step 2: Base condensation The step2 is basically a condensation step. Now prior to addition of the well protected nucleotide to the column, it is essential to activate the phosphate group, so that the nucleophilic attack on phosphorous atom takes place easily. This is best done by adding tetrazole to the nucleotide in dichloromethane medium. In presence of tetrazole, diisopropylamine group of the nucleotide becomes positively charged and hence its departure would be easier after nucleophilic attack of 5-hydroxyl group of the previous nucleotide which is attached with resin column. After the reaction, the column was washed to remove extra tetrazole, unbound nucleotide and byproduct (diisopropylamine). Step 3: Capping In case of unreacted nucleoside attached with resin, the 5-hydroxyl group is unprotected this may react later with the addition of different nucleotides. If left unprotected, it will lead to the formation of a mixture of oligonucleotides. The 5-hydroxyl group is therefore blocked by adding acetic anhydride and N-methylimidazole (capping). After capping, the reaction column is thoroughly washed to remove extra acetic anhydride and N-methylimidazole. Step 4: Oxidation This step is basically an oxidation step. In this step, the phosphite linkage is oxidized to give more stable phosphate linkage. The oxidation is best done by adding a mixture of dilute aqueous iodine solution, pyridine (Py) and tetrahydorfuran (THF) to the reaction column. The steps one through four, i.e., deblocking, base condensation, capping and oxidation, are repeated until all desired bases have been added to the column. This cycle is completed once for each additional base. Step 5 Detachment of oligonucleotide from solid support After all bases have been added the oligonucletide must be cleaved from the solid support and deprotected before it can be effectively used. For detachment of oligonucleotides form resin, the column is treated with 28% ammonium hydroxide solution (NH4OH), and at the same time the ethylcyano group on the phosphate group is removed. Step 6: Purification and isolation of oligonucleotide In this step, NH4OH is evaporated from the ammonium hydroxide solution of oligonucleotides to get crude product. The crude product is a mixture of oligonucleotide, cleaved protective groups and oligonucleotides with internal deletions. Now this crude product is subjected to boiling in a sealed tube with NH4OH at 55 °C. The main purpose of this reaction is to remove the base protecting group. After evaporation of NH4OH, the crude product is subjected to desalting followed by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis, to purify the oligonucleotides. Desalting is used mainly to remove the ammonium ion. This is done by ethanol precipitation, size-exclusion chromatography, or reverse-phase chromatography. Oligonucleotides are synthesized by the stepwise addition of nucleoside-3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²-phosphoramidite monomers to solid-phase supports in an automated DNA synthesizer. In solid-phase synthesis, 3-terminal hydroxy group of the first added nucleoside is attached to the solid surface by covalent interaction. The solid support is contained in columns whose dimensions depend on the scale of synthesis. The two most frequently used solid phase materials are Control Pore Glass (CPG) and macroporous polystyrene (MPPS). CPG is commonly defined by its pore size, for example pore sizes of 500Ã… are used to allow the oligonucleotides preparation of about 50 -mer. To improve the performance of native CPG some modification is required. This is done by treating the material with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane) to give Aminopropyl CPG. The amino group then serves as the anchoring point for the first added oligonucleoside. MPPS is synthesized by polymerization of divinylbenzene, styrene, and 4-chloromethylstyrene in the presence of a porogeneous agent. It is a low-swellable, highly cross-linked polystyrene and suitable for oligonucleotide synthesis. The macroporous chloromethyl MPPS obtained is often converted to aminomethyl MPPS to improve the efficiency of the support. Annealing of oligonucleotides For chemically synthesize a gene, the next step will be to assemble the oligonucleotides to form a complete gene. This is achieved by enzymatic methods which include polymerase cycling and ligase reactions. Some of the strategies are discussed below. Assembling oligonucleotides by single-step PCR. For synthesis of a gene, the oligonucleotides (about 30-60 nt long) are synthesized chemically so that each oligonucleotide has a 6-9 nt overlap with its neighboring oligonucleotide. These are then assembled in a single-step PCR. In this method, oligonucleotides are first ligated and then the product, the entire gene, is PCR amplified using the outmost oligonucleotides as primers. This method was first used to synthesize a 924-bp gene coding for an isozyme of horseradish peroxidase. Another method was developed by WPC Stemmer which did not use any ligase for joining the oligonucleotide products. It however, relied on Taq DNA polymerase (PCR cycling) for joining the individual oligonucleotides. Assembling oligonucleotides by two-step PCR. The method involves two steps. (i) Synthesis of individual fragments of the DNA of interest: ten to twelve 60mer oligonucleotides with 20 bp overlap are mixed and a PCR reaction is carried out with high-fidelity DNA polymerase Pfu to produce DNA fragments that are 500 bp in length. (ii) Synthesis of the entire sequence of the DNA of interest: five to ten PCR products from the first step are combined and used as the template for a second PCR reaction using high-fidelity DNA polymerase pyrobest, with the two outermost oligonucleotides as primers. Several modifications of the above procedure have been presented. One such method called PAS (PCR-based accurate synthesis) involves (i) synthesis of oligonucleotides to cover the entire DNA sequence (ii) PCR to synthesize DNA fragments (iii) second PCR for assembly of the products of the first PCR and (iv) cloning of the synthetic DNA and then verification by DNA sequencing. Besides, other methods in use for gene synthesis are successive extension PCR, simplified gene synthesis (PCR based), synthons and ligation by selection, to name a few. Review questions and problems What is the advantage of phosphatetriester method over phosphatediester method? What is the advantage of phosphitetriester method over phosphatetriester and  phosphatediester method? What is the main advantage to use DMTCl for protecting the 5-hydroxyl group? How could you attach the first nucleoside to the solid support? What is the utility of capping step in the oligonucleotides synthesis? Why capping is done by aceticanhydride? What is the function of iodine in the oxidation step of oligonucleotides synthesis? How could you protect only the free -NH2 group of the bases of a nucleoside? What is the reagent used for the removal of 2-cyanoethyl group from the  synthesized oligonucleotides? What is the byproduct produced from the base-condensation step of oligonucleotides  synthesis in phosphite triester method? How could you deprotect the bases of oligonucleotides? What is the function of tetrazole in the base condensation step of oligonucleotide synthesis? What is the basic principle for synthesizing a gene from the corresponding oligonucleotides by (a) PCR-based one-step DNA synthesis, (b) PCR-based two-step DNA synthesis?

Defining a Higher Education Essay -- Expository Definition Essays

Defining a Higher Education A university education is the key to a career, not just a job; it is a higher education that stimulates the brain to handle new challenges, and the intelligence to view the bigger picture of life. Students who attend college are seeking the knowledge it takes to live a better life. Two authors who discuss their views on education in their essays are Jon Spayde, â€Å"Learning in the Key of Life† and John Henry Newman, â€Å"The Idea of University.† Both essays discuss the importance of a higher education, but each author has a different definition. In the essay, â€Å"Learning in the Key of Life,† Jon Spayde relates education from a university to the real world, and defines education as a connection between reality and ideas (62). Spayde’s main point in the essay is that a quality education is obtained through living life. According to Spayde, â€Å"There is no divide in American life that hurts more than the one between those we consider well educated and those who are poorly or inadequately schooled†(60). He denies that emphasis should be placed on tech...

Analysis of Anne Bradstreet’s Poems

ENGL2010 February 10, 2013 Analysis of Anne Bradstreet’s Poems Anne Bradstreet’s poem In Reference to Her Children, 23 June 1659 is a poem telling of her love, care, and worries for her children. In Reference to her Children† is both metaphorical and symbolic, expressing everything from pathos to love and a hope for her eternal reward. (www. papermasters. com) The poem is structured with a single stanza with every other line rhyming. The speaker seems to be speaking to a semi- private audience given the intimacy of the poem, and the way it speaks to the children.The tone of this poem is familiar, using the language in an abstract way by being birds; but the language is also concrete, and it is not hard to understand what this mother is trying to say. In lines 1-40, Bradstreet sets up an image of a mother bird and her nest filled with babies: four girls and four boys, representative of a human mother and her children. The speaker seems to be Bradstreet, speaking th e poem first as a story about her children, as the tone changes near the end of the poem though it is clear she is writing the poem to her children.The speaker tells an emotional story of her time and experiences with her children over the years of them discovering their own independent lives. Bradstreet uses this poem to express her love and worries for her children as they grow and develop their own lives. The tone of this poem seems to be semi joyful, and familiar in the beginning, of a mother telling about her children being born and nursed with pain and care. In line four, the speaker tells of sparing nothing in order to take care of her young; showing how deep her love is for them.At first it sounds joyful as she speaks of how her young â€Å"Mounted the trees, and learned to sing† (Bradstreet) this line gives the sense of joy that comes with learning, nature and singing. The tone then changes, while the speaker is telling of her oldest bird growing up and taking flight , she becomes very sad because she worries for and misses her son. The speaker tells how most of her young have moved on, telling of their ambitions and circumstances of leaving. She makes it clear in lines 11 and 12 she does not want to let her children go, she needs them to be with her where she can enjoy singing and caring for them.There are five children who have left her home, leaving her with three at home. She expresses worries for the three because they soon will â€Å"take their flight† (Bradstreet). This poem shows a sincere care for the children, wishing them well. The speaker talks of praying for her children and only wanting good to come to their lives. Her thoughts stay steady of her children throughout the whole poem, this poem is the result of the endless love and care she has for her children.After telling of how her children came to spread their wings, the tone turns sad, while acknowledging her natural fears as a mother. She says, â€Å"If birds could weep , then my would my tears†; â€Å"Let others know what are my fears† (lines 41, 42) shows how much she fears for the children’s safety. The speaker begins to imagine a sequence of bad events that could happen to the children. The speaker finds herself overwhelmed with sadness and thoughts of how tenderly she cared for her children.The speaker tells of her raw emotions in line 60, expressing the intense pain her worrying is causing her body; â€Å"My throbs such now as ‘fore were never’. One of the speakers concerns are the ignorance’s of danger, because of this concern line 65 warns her children saying 62, â€Å"to your safety have and eye, so happy may you live and die†. This part of the poem makes it more obvious that she is speaking directly to her children. The poem takes a slight turn in tones, the speaker goes from pure worry and stress about her children to a sense of acceptance.Statement that sticks out in showing acceptance are ; â€Å"Meanwhile my days in tunes ill spend Till my weak lays (poems) with me shall end† (lines 67-68); â€Å"In shady woods ill sit and sing, And things that passed to mind ill bring†(69-70). These lines are the first ones in which she really indicated anything of herself and what she will do, without involving the children except by memories. This shows some signs of accepting her children have to do what they will and admitting she will continue to move forward without them in her nest.The speaker goes on to speak of not lamenting her age; this shows she accepts the years that have gone by and has no regrets. The speaker is accepting her age and the fact that her flight is soon to come; but this will be the most important flight, the one to her heaven. After she begins to accept her age and the fact that her children are developing their own lives the poem takes on a sense of contentment. The poem In Reference to Her Children seems to be a sort of therapy for Brads treet as she goes though the stages of grieving for her children.The poem shows all the different stages of acceptance, during a situation that was started with uncertainty. Bradstreet was one of the first American poets since the movement from England. Like many women writers in the nineteenth century, Bradstreet used print to publicize the supposedly private experiences of a woman. (VanEgen) Bradstreet was heavily criticized for this, being as the puritan view saw women as mothers and wives and nothing more, using her poems for reasons to say she must be a bad mother, puritan or wife because of her time used to write.In reality Bradstreet was good at all of those things finding the time to write after her work as a mother. Bradstreet found a way to find a public voice without violating cultural standards of privacy; she brought attention to the experiences of women and helped to re-envision their place in a society centered on the home (VanEgen). She uses her poems as a tool that helps her to accept and analyze the situations she finds herself in. he care and thought she puts into her words are a kind of organizer for her feelings and wants a way to see her life in a new perspective, helping her to cope or accept. Works Cited Bradstreet, Anne. In Reference to her Children, 23 June1659. New York: New York, 2012. Print, 20 Feb. 2013. VanEngen, Abram. â€Å"Advertising the domestic: Anne Bradstreet's sentimental poetics. † Legacy: A Journal of American Women Writers 28. 1 (2011): 47+. Academic OneFile. Web. 27 Feb. 2013. Analysis of â€Å"In Reference to Her Children†. Paper Masters Custom Writing Service Web, 20 Feb. 2013

Americas Fallen PastimeHow Baseball Players Have Damaged a National Institution essays

Americas Fallen PastimeHow Baseball Players Have Damaged a National Institution essays How Baseball Players Have Damaged a National Institution Baseball fans are easy to please. Give them a warm summer day, a cold drink, and their favorite team in the thick of the pennant race and they feel like kings. Watch them second guess the manager as he pulls the teams ace pitcher in favor of the young fireballer. Listen to them cheer as he strikes out the opponents slugger with the bases loaded, securing the win. Watch them do it all over again the very next day. Who is the best player of all time? Ty Cobb? Babe Ruth? Ted Williams? Mickey Mantle? Ken Griffey Jr.? Should the designated hitter be abolished? Should Pete Rose be in the Hall of Fame? Ask them for their favorite baseball moment of the past and prepare to have your ear talked off. Older fans might choose Bobby Thompsons Shot Heard Round the World, which captured the 1951 National League pennant for the New York Giants over the Brooklyn Dodgers, or Willie Mays over-the-shoulder, back-to-the-plate catch to rob Clevelands Vic Wertz of an extra-base hit in the 1954 World Series. Somewhat younger fans might take Carlton Fisks frantic waving as his game-winning homer in Game 6 of the 1975 World Series clanged off of Fenway Parks left field foul pole or the dominance of Johnny Bench, Joe Morgan, Tony Perez and the rest of the Big Red Machine during the mid-1970s. The youngest might call up Baltimore shortstop Cal Ripken Jrs victory lap around Camden Yards after eclipsing Lou Gehrigs seemingly unbreakable consecutive games streak or the excitement of St. Louis Mark McGwire and the Chicago Cubs Sammy Sosa as they relentlessly pursued Roger Maris single season home run record. Take baseball at its simplest, its purist, and it can be almost religious. Baseball fans only ask for one thing in return. As Braves fan William Correa pleads, I know baseball ha...

Nahuatl - The Lingua Franca of the Aztec Empire

Nahuatl - The Lingua Franca of the Aztec Empire Nhuatl (pronounced NAH-wah-tuhl) was the language spoken by the people of the Aztec Empire, known as the Aztec or Mexica. Although the spoken and written form of the language has substantively changed from the prehispanic classical form, Nahuatl has persevered for half a millennium. It is still spoken today by approximately 1.5 million people, or 1.7% of the total population of Mexico, many of whom call their language Mexicano (Me-shee-KAH-no). The word Nahuatl is itself one of several words that mean to one extent or another good sounds, an example of encoded meaning that is central to the Nahuatl language. Mapmaker, priest, and leading Enlightenment intellectual of New Spain Josà © Antonio Alzate [1737–1799] was an important advocate for the language. Although his arguments failed to gain support, Alzate vigorously objected to Linnaeuss use of Greek words for New World botanical classifications, arguing that Nahuatl names were uniquely useful because they encoded a storehouse of knowledge that could be applied to the scientific project. Nhuatls Origins Nhuatl is part of the Uto-Aztecan family, one of the largest of the Native American language families. The Uto-Aztecan or Uto-Nahuan family includes many North American languages such as Comanche, Shoshone, Paiute, Tarahumara, Cora, and Huichol. The Uto-Aztecan main language diffused out of the Great Basin, moving where the Nahuatl language probably originated, in the upper Sonoran region of what is now New Mexico and Arizona and the lower Sonoran area in Mexico. Nahuatl speakers are first believed to have reached the Central Mexican highlands sometime around AD 400/500, but they came in several waves and settled among different groups such as Otomangean and Tarascan speakers. According to historical and archaeological sources, the Mexica were among the last of the Nhuatl speakers to migrate from their homeland in the north. Nhuatl Distribution With the founding of their capital at Tenochtitlan, and the growth of the Aztec/Mexica empire in the 15th and 16th centuries, Nhuatl spread all over Mesoamerica. This language became a lingua franca spoken by merchants, soldiers, and diplomats, over an area including what is today northern Mexico to Costa Rica, as well as parts of Lower Central America. Legal steps which reinforced its  lingua franca  status included the decision by King  Philip II  in 1570 to make Nahuatl the linguistic medium for clerics to use in religious conversion and for the training of ecclesiastics working with the native people in different regions. Members of the nobility from other ethnic groups, including Spaniards, used spoken and written Nahuatl to facilitate communication throughout New Spain. Sources for Classical Nahuatl The most extensive source on Nhuatl language is the book written in the mid-16th century by friar Bernardino de Sahagà ºn called the Historia General de la Nueva Espaà ±a, which is included in the Florentine Codex. For its 12 books, Sahagà ºn and his assistants collected what is essentially an encyclopedia of the language and culture of the Aztec/Mexica. This text contains parts written both in Spanish and Nhuatl transliterated into the Roman alphabet. Another important document is the Codex Mendoza, commissioned by King Charles I of Spain, which combined a history of the Aztec conquests, the amount and types of tributes paid to the Aztecs by geographical province, and an account of Aztec daily life, beginning in 1541. This document was written by skilled native scribes and overseen by the Spanish clerics, who added glosses in both Nahuatl and Spanish. Saving the Endangered Nahuatl Language After the Mexican War of Independence in 1821, the use of Nahuatl as an official medium for documentation and communication disappeared. Intellectual elites in Mexico engaged in a creation of new national identity, seeing the indigenous past as an obstacle to the modernization and progress of Mexican society. Over time, Nahua communities became more and more isolated from the rest of Mexican society, suffering what researchers Okol and Sullivan refer to as a political dislocation arising from the lack of prestige and power, and a closely-related cultural dislocation, resulting from modernization and globalization. Olko and Sullivan (2014) report that although prolonged contact with Spanish has resulted in changes in word morphology and syntax, in many places there persist close continuities between the past and present forms of Nahuatl. The Instituto de Docencia e Investigacià ³n Etnolà ³gica de Zacatecas (IDIEZ) is one group working together with Nahua speakers to continue practicing and developing their language and culture, training the Nahua speakers to teach Nahuatl to others and to actively collaborate with international academics in research projects. A similar project is underway (described by Sandoval Arenas 2017) at the Intercultural University of Veracruz. Nhuatl Legacy There is today a wide variation in the language, both linguistically and culturally, that can be attributed in part to the successive waves of Nahuatl speakers who arrived in the valley of Mexico so long ago. There are three major dialects of the group known as Nahua: the group in power in the Valley of Mexico at the time of contact was that Aztecs, who called their language Nahuatl. To the west of the Valley of Mexico, the speakers called their language Nahual; and dispersed around those two clusters was a third who called their language Nahuat. This last group included the Pipil ethnic group who eventually migrated to El Salvador. Many contemporary place names in Mexico and Central America are the result of a Spanish transliteration of their Nhuatl name, such as Mexico and Guatemala. And many Nahuatl words have passed into the English dictionary through Spanish, such as coyote, chocolate, tomato, chili, cacao, avocado and many others. What does Nahuatl Sound Like? Linguists can define the original sounds of classical Nahuatl in part because the Aztec/Mexica used a glyphic writing system based on Nahuatl that contained some phonetic elements, and the Spanish ecclesiastics matched the Roman phonetic alphabet to the good sounds they heard from the locals. The earliest extant Nahuatl-Roman alphabets are from the Cuernavaca region and date to the late 1530s or early 1540s; they were probably written by various indigenous individuals and compiled by a Franciscan friar. In her 2014 book Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory, archaeologist and linguist Frances Berdan provides a pronunciation guide to classical Nahuatl, only a small taste of which is listed here. Berdan reports that in classical Nahuatl the main stress or emphasis in a given word is almost always on the next-to-last syllable. There are four main vowels in the language: a as in the English word palm, e as in bet, i as in see, and o as in so. Most consonants in Nahuatl are the same as those used in English or Spanish, but the tl sound is not quite tuhl, it more of a glottal t with a little puff of breath for the l. See Berdan for more information. There is an Android-based application called ALEN (Audio-Lexicon Spanish-Nahuatl) in a beta form that has both written and oral modalities, and uses homemade illustrations, and word search facilities. According to Garcà ­a-Mencà ­a and colleagues (2016), the app beta has 132 words; but the commercial Nahuatl iTunes App written by Rafael Echeverria currently has more than 10,000 words and phrases in Nahuatl and Spanish. Sources Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst Berdan FF. 2014. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press.Dakin K. 2001. Nahuatl. In: Carrasco D editor. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 363-365.Garcà ­a-Mencà ­a R, Là ³pez-Là ³pez A, and Muà ±oz Melà ©ndez A. 2016. An Audio-Lexicon Spanish-Nahuatl: Using technology to promote and disseminate a native Mexican language. In: Bradley L, and Thouà «sny S, editors. CALL communities and culture – short papers from EUROCALL 2016: Research-publishing.net. p 155-159.Maxwell JM. 2001. Languages at the Time of Contact. In: Evans ST, and Webster DL, editors. Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. p 395-396.Mundy BE. 2014. Place-Names in Mexico-Tenochtitlan. Ethnohistory 61(2):329-355.Olko J, and Sullivan J. 2014. Toward a comprehensive model for Nahuatl language research and revitalization. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berk eley Linguistics Society 40:369-397. Sandoval Arenas CO. 2017. Displacement and revitalization of the Nahuatl language in the High Mountains of Veracruz, Mexico. Arts and Humanities in Higher Education 16(1):66-81.Various authors. 2011. Los Nahua. Cultura Viva, Arqueologà ­a Mexicana 19(109, May-June)

Lab report about metabolic syndrome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Lab report about metabolic syndrome - Essay Example They are catalase, Glutathione peroxidase I , superoxide dismutase and thioredoxin. These antioxidants play an important role in the reduction of the elevated fatty acid level and help the patients to maintain the cholesterol level. Many genes are responsible for the regulation of oxidation in the cells. Glutathione peroxidase I is one of the major antioxidant enzyme. S...... The individual components of Metabolic Syndrome cluster together and this clustering increase the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The main root cause for this disease is linked to the poor eating habit and the sedentary life style of the people. The presence of common genetic variants can increase the susceptibility to Metabolic Syndrome. Complex gene environment interactions are also found to be associated with the Metabolic Syndrome. (Bryne and Wild 2011). Family history is the main reason for the Metabolic Syndrome prevalence in the childhood. The genes responsible for the maintenance of many cell functions play an important role for the syndrome. Insulin resistance is found to be present in the children suffering from the Metabolic Syndrome. Lipid deposition in the insulin responsive tissues is the main reason for the metabolic effects of the insulin. The hepatic fat accumulation is strongly associated with the obesity and the hepatic resistance, thereby affecting t he glucose metabolism. Background and analysis Insulin resistance is nothing but the abnormal response shown for the normal level of insulin production. Insulin resistance is further classified based on the resistance to the metabolic effects of the insulin with suppressed effect of insulin on the endogenous glucose production and peripheral glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. Before undergoing fasting the hyperinsulinemia condition develops. Along with the increasing plasma insulin concentration, the increase of the risk factors can be found. Insulin resistance is second to the insulin resistance for the Metabolic Syndrome next to obesity. The insulin resistance factors are free fatty acids, adipocytokines, pro- inflammatory mediators and genetic factors. Insulin resistance is a

American dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

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Industrial Relation in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Industrial Relation in Australia - Essay Example To understand the transformation, it is useful to briefly dismiss two common explanations for union decline. The first is that unions declined because workers' became more skeptical about them. In fact, attitudes tend to be a mirror image of union strength. When union membership swelled during the 1970s, Australians became more likely to tell pollsters that they thought unions had "too much power", and less likely to agree that unions had been "a good thing for Australia". Correspondingly, as unions waned during the 1990s, the fraction of people who thought that unions had "too much power" or that "Australian would be better off without unions" steadily decreased. Another argument that is sometimes made is that deunionisation was a result of the decline in real wages that took place under the Accord. Yet as David Peetz points out in his book Unions in a Contrary World, this explanation implies that unionization should have declined more during the 1980s (when real wages fell) than th e 1990s (when real wages rose). In fact, the reverse is true - the biggest fall in unionization occurred during the 1990s. The most significant factor in Australian deunionisation has been changes to the legal regime governing unions. Peetz points out that between 1990 and 1995, conservative governments in five out of six states introduced legislation aimed at prohibiting compulsory unionization (banning "closed shops"), encouraging individual bargaining, and making the transition to non-award coverage easier. In the late-1980s, more than half of all union members were required to be a union member as a condition of their employment. In the 1990s, freed from the requirement to belong, large numbers chose to opt out. Unsurprisingly, the unions hit hardest were the ones that were most reliant on compulsory unionism laws. The new regime was locked in place in 1996, when the newly-elected Howard Government virtually abolished compulsory unionism nationwide, and made it more difficult for unions to recruit and strike. The next most important driver of deunionisation has been raising competition. Spurred by microeconomic reforms, tariff cuts, and a revitalized Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, the markets for buying most products and services are now substantially more competitive than they were in the 1970s. When firms enjoy a monopoly or oligopoly position, it is easier for them to pay higher wages to their employees. Prices are higher in non-competitive markets, and in the jargon of economics, this generates "rents". These rents are then shared between employers (who enjoy higher profits than they would in a competitive market) and workers (who earn more than in a competitive market). When monopolies are broken down, and markets become more competitive, management has to start cutting costs. This places pressure on management to adopt stronger anti-union tactics in order to reduce the wage bill. The third explanation for falling union density is the growth in

Managerial Finance Essay Example for Free

Managerial Finance Essay You have been at your job with East Coast Yachts for a week now and have decided you need to sign up for the company’s 401(k) plan. Even after your discussion with Sarah Brown, the Bledsoe Financial Services representative, you are still unsure as to which investment option you should choose. Recall that the options available to you are stock in East Coast Yachts, the Bledsoe SP 500 Index Fund, the Bledsoe Small-Cap Fund, the Bledsoe Large-Company Stock Fund, the Bledsoe Bond Fund, and the Bledsoe Money Market Fund. You have decided that you should invest in a diversified portfolio, with 70 percent of your investment in equity, 25 percent in bonds, and 5 percent in the money market fund. You have also decided to focus your equity investment on large-cap stocks, but you are debating whether to select the SP 500 Index Fund or the Large-Company Stock Fund. In thinking it over, you understand the basic difference in the two funds. One is a purely passive fund that replicates a widely followed large-cap index, the SP 500, and has low fees. The other is actively managed with the intention that the skill of the portfolio manager will result in improved performance relative to an index. Fees are higher in the latter fund. You’re just not certain on which way to go, so you ask Dan Ervin, who works in the company’s finance area, for advice. After discussing your concerns, Dan gives you some information comparing the performance of equity mutual funds and the Vanguard 500 Index Fund. The Vanguard 500 is the world’s largest equity index mutual fund. It replicates the SP 500, and its return is only negligibly different from the SP 500. Fees are very low. As a result, the Vanguard 500 is essentially identical to the Bledsoe SP 500 Index Fund offered in the 401(k) plan, but it has been in existence for much longer, so you can study its track record for over two decades. The graph below summarizes Dan’s comments by showing the percentage of equity mutual funds that outperformed the Vanguard 500 Fund over the previous ten years. So for example, from January 1977 to December 1986, almost 70 percent of equity mutual funds outperformed the Vanguard 500. Dan suggests that you study the graph and answer the following questions: 1. What implications do you draw from the graph for mutual fund investors? If I was to draw any implications from the graph for mutual fund investors it would be an expectation that the investors will outperform the market. As with any business the high performers will continue performing and the low performers will be let go. If we were looking at the level of market efficiency it would be expected that mutual funds would outperform the market. It is expected that half of all investors will outperform the market. 2. Is the graph consistent or inconsistent with market efficiency? Explain carefully. I believe that the graph shows consistency with market efficiency, but even the most efficient of markets must be willing to spend on research to outperform the market and even then many investors do not outperform the market. The graph is consistent with market efficiency because if even the highest performers are not outperforming the market, even with high financing, then as would be expected average investors will not be outperforming the market. 3. What investment decision would you make for the equity portion of your 401(k) account? Why? If I was to make an investment decision based on the equity portion of this 401K plan I would choose to invest in the SP 500 index. There should also be investments made in small cap funds as this will help diversify the portfolio. Small cap funds however are not available as an option so the SP 500 would be the best choice as an investment decision.

Nonverbal Communication Across Cultures Cultural Studies Essay

Nonverbal Communication Across Cultures Cultural Studies Essay Carl is you typical Filipino teenage who luckily wins an opportunity to be part of a youth conference held abroad. He meets many teenagers, just like him, who comes from different parts of the world. Upon interacting with them, he finds some cultural practices to be somewhat weird and uncomfortable for him. Likewise, he also feels that the other teenagers feel the same way about him; he doesnt know why. To make matters worse, his roommate is of Middle Eastern background. Carl cant quite understand why his roommate talks too close to him and that his roommate frequently breaths right in front of his face. Not knowing what to does, he just politely gestured to go out and then he eventually did. With a lot in his mind, he decided to grab a drink. Upon arriving at the refreshments corner, he met the Iranian girl which had recently given a wonderful presentation earlier. Hoping to make friends with her, Carl gestured her with the thumbs up hand signal for a job well done. Expecting a smil e or a thank you from her, Carl got the complete opposite; a humiliating slap to the face. The world now is getting smaller and smaller; this is made possible because of globalization and technology. Individuals from all over the globe are now given the opportunity to meet and understand other individuals whose cultural background may be different from theirs. Because of this, misunderstandings might arise. In order for this not to happen, individuals must be very good communicators. One way of developing excellent communicating skills despite differences in background is by learning and mastering nonverbal communication and its different interpretations around the world. In this paper, one will be given an overview about what nonverbal communication is in general and a lot of examples and scenarios on how different cultures interpret these nonverbal cues. Statement of the Problem This paper aims to give readers an overview of what nonverbal communication is and its importance in the communication process, particularly in the cross- cultural setting. Also In this paper the discussion of the interpretation of the different cultures of the various nonverbal cues is also presented. Particularly, this paper first discusses what communication is and how communication happens nonverbally. The distinct properties of nonverbal communication from the verbal communication is then discusses along with the functions of nonverbal communication afterwards. Next to this, the different nonverbal cues are then each thoroughly discussed so as to give the reader a general knowledge about the topic. After achieving this, the importance of nonverbal communication in inter-cultural interactions will then be discussed. Afterwards, common scenarios of how different cultures perceive each nonverbal cue will be given so that the readers will be made aware of how diverse each nonverbal cue is interpreted. This is also to equip them with an important knowledge which they will surely find useful and applicable in their day to day lives. Lastly, the paper will then discuss practical applications of the knowledge of nonverbal communication and its interpretation in different cultures all around the world. Significance of the Problem The study of nonverbal cues and its interpretation around the world is beneficial to all. Here are just some specific groups of people and the benefits they can achieve by harnessing the full potential of the use of nonverbal communication. To the migrant workers, the knowledge of the nonverbal ways of communicating, particularly in their host country, is essential for their survival. Its thru the knowledge of the nonverbal cues in which they can become more effective communicators. And by becoming effective communicators, they are able to avoid misunderstandings and be able to express themselves more easily and effectively. To the professionals, by becoming knowledgeable in nonverbal communication, they can have an edge against others. Armed with this, it will be easier for them to climb p the corporate ladder or advance more quickly in their desired career path and also make business deals with foreigners easier. To the teenagers, by becoming aware of the nonverbal cues and its different interpretations across cultures, they become more culturally integrated. They then begin to understand others who are different form their own more intently and eventually learn to mingle cohesively with others. With this being achieved, world peace can slowly be materialized thru the efforts of the youth around the world. To the elderly, with the knowledge of the nonverbal cues across cultures they can become more aware of the changes around them. By doing so, they wont be shaken by the changes which might occur around them. Also this gives them the opportunity to know more about certain actions which may be, in their culture, rude or obscene but isnt for another. This is to avoid misunderstandings and conflicts. Scope and Limitations This study focuses more on the general overview on what nonverbal communication is and the common interpretation of nonverbal cues around the world. Nonverbal communication is still a budding research topic in the scientific community; hence, there arent that many studies yet that are conducted on the subject. Due to time constraints, this paper isnt able to discuss the specifics which revolve around the subject. The researcher was not able to know how each study was conducted by the person in authority. The researcher was only able to get the conclusions which were derived from these studies and experimentations. Also the aspect of communication in which this subject was based was on face-to-face interactions, not thru any other means. Another limitation is that only a fraction of all the interpretation of nonverbal cues around the world is discussed in the reason. As what was stated earlier, the interpretation of nonverbal communication across cultures is a relatively new venture i n the scientific community and only a handful of research has been conducted as of the moment. Another reason being that literatures and sources about this subject are still relatively new and that most of these are very hard to find or be obtained especially in our locality. Definition of Terms Nonverbal communication. A process whereby people, through the intentional or unintentional manipulation of normative actions and expectations, express experiences, feelings and attitudes in order to relate to and control themselves, others and their environments. Intrinsic codes. Communication In the books written by Griffin (1991) and Hayakawa (1990), it was stated that communication has no single accepted definition. But rather there are three perspectives in which it is understood. First is the Communication Behavior Perspective. It is defined based on the actions of the individuals involved meaning it can be either sender-oriented of receiver-oriented. According to the sender oriented definition, communication happens if the sender has the intention to send a message with the use of a language. It is irrelevant to know if ever the receiver gets the message or not. On the other hand, the receiver-oriented definition holds that communication as the response of an organism to a stimulus. The second perspective is the Communication Process Perspective. It looks on communication as the collaborative effort of two or more individuals. Therefore, according to this perspective, it is wrong to assume that communication is happening between two people if only one is involved in the process; regardless is he/she is the sender or at the receiving end. There are three definitions of the Communication Process Perspective. First is the bilateral definition which assumes that the sender must intend to send a message and that the receiver must interpret that message. Second is the Interaction-oriented definition which holds that communication happens if two individuals are both sending and receiving messages. And lastly the shared-meaning definition holds that communication happens only if the message is essentially, although not precisely, interpreted as what it was suppose to. For purposes of understanding Nonverbal Communication it is recommended to use the last communication perspective is the Communication Code Perspective. It emphasizes that communication is possible thru the use of communication codes. First type of communication code is the intrinsic codes. These are codes which we have even before birth. These are biologically shared codes among humans for communication purposes. Next are iconic codes which are learned in which the outward appearances are used to deliberately to communicate with others. The last communication code is the arbitrary code which is a learned signal system which is socially constructed and it uses symbols to convey messages. Nonverbal Communication Importance of Nonverbal Communication In an article by the Oklahoma Panhandle State University, it was noted that that Hickson Stacks (1985) defined nonverbal communication as A process whereby people, through the intentional or unintentional manipulation of normative actions and expectations, express experiences, feelings, and attitudes in order to relate to and control themselves, others and their environments. Moreover, Wertheim mentioned in his article that a large percentage of the meaning derived from communication is from the non-verbal cues. Moreover, in a study conducted by Professor Albert Mehrabian called Mehrabians communication study attests to the fact that indeed nonverbal communication plays a crucial part in the communication process. Mehrabians concluded the following from the experiments he conducted. He subsequently generalized that in all communication, 7% happens thru spoken words while 38% thru voice tone and 55% happens via body language, the two being nonverbal ways of communicating. Although the exact numbers may be challenged, the fact remains that a lot of communication happens nonverbally. The words of Remland (2000) in his book seem apt as conclusion to this part of the paper. He stated that, Overall, it pays to look good, wear an authoritative uniform, dress up, make eye contact, get close, and use light touch to the forearm or shoulder. Perhaps with additional research we may be able to add other nonverbal cues facial expression, speech accents, vocal qualities, posture and so forth that could also make a difference. It may surprise us to learn that seemingly trivial actions can play so prominent a role in our everyday interactions. Properties of Nonverbal Communication According of Leathers (2008), Nonverbal Communication has four distinct properties which differentiate it from Verbal Communication. These are the following: First property is that many nonverbal cues are universal. It is because of their survival value for our species. They identify us, protect us and facilitate courtship and mating. The next property is nonverbal communication is that nonverbal signals are sent and received spontaneously. We can always choose our words carefully, but nonverbal cues such as blushing, dropping our jaw and many more occur involuntarily. That is why nonverbal messages are more believable because of the cause-and-effect relationship. But it doesnt mean they cant be mimicked, it is just that many are tough to fake and most are hard to fake convincingly. The third property is that nonverbal communication resembles the things they mean. Unlike verbal communication which doesnt necessarily represent their referents, nonverbal cues always represent theirs. This characterizes much of what nonverbal communication is and it allows fostering of mutual understanding; even between individuals who speak different languages. The last property is that nonverbal signals can be made simultaneously, even as we use language. When we speak, write or sign, we must do it one word at a time. But in nonverbal communication we can use several nonverbal cues simultaneously like body movement, facial expression and the likes to express a message. Because of this, nonverbal cues can either be used to reinforce a single message or even send a mixed signal one. Functions of Nonverbal Communication Remland (2000), in his book, mentioned that nonverbal cues have four main functions, namely: First is the identification function. All animals have a distinct identity, including humans. Their identities must be able to be signaled to others. Because identities play a crucial role in the survival of the humans, they have become an integral part of the communication process. It is thru appearance and behavioral signals in which we are able to communicate to others many things. Many of these signals are inherent since birth, but humans have developed uncanny ways of altering these identities in order to communicate certain messages. The next function is the relationship function. It is the important task of getting along with others. Nonverbal cues help in the formation of relationships with others in order to survive. Many nonverbal signals are used in order show how intimate a relationship is and whos going to be in control. The third function is the emotion function. Nonverbal signals are used to let others know how they feel. These signals aid in adaptation to the environment and also it helps communicate intention to others. Most of these signals are belong to intrinsic communication codes but some display of emotions are more like public showings of what we want others to believe therefore they are classified under iconic communication codes. The last function of Nonverbal Communication is the delivery function. It involves the exchange of information about the outside world. In articles by Andrews University and Segal of helpguide.org, it was cited that under the delivery function of nonverbal communication, nonverbal cues are used to repeat the verbal message, accent the verbal message, complement or dispute the verbal message and may even substitute the verbal message. Nonverbal Cues and their Cross- Cultural Interpretation Kinesics Wikipedia.org quoted the definition of Kinesics from Ray Birdwhistell (1952) as the interpretation of body language; more formally non-verbal behavior related to movement, either of any part of the body or the body as a whole. Kinesics has many classifications, namely: The first classification under Kinesics is physical posture. The Management Sciences for Health, an organization blah blah , mentioned in an article of theirs about physical posture that in many cultures around the world, its impolite to show the bottom of the shoe. Thats why one should never sit with one foot resting on the opposite knee. Meanwhile in Argentina, standing with hands on the hips means anger or a challenge. Also in many cultures slouching is being disrespectful particularly in Taiwan wherein men sit with both feet firmly on the floor. The second classification is gestures. Matsumoto in his paper mentioned that David Efron was the pioneer in the study of gestures across cultures when he examined gestures of Sicilian, Lithuanian and Jewish immigrants in New York City. Matsumoto stated that his studies became the roots of the study of culture and gestures. As what Andrews University mentioned in their article, gestures are impossible to catalog. But they are needed to be studied upon because of the following reasons. First is that gestures can be acceptable in one culture but can be rude or offensive in another. Second is that if used improperly, the message might not be interpreted as it was meant to be. And third, without the knowledge of interpretation of gestures in a global context might lead to awkward situations. In the articles of Steve Darn of the Izmir University, by Andrews University and by the Management Sciences for Health, it was written that the following hand gestures are subject to different cultural interpretations such as the following. The perfect sign commonly means everythings all right, but in France it means nothing, in Japan its a symbol for money, in Germany it has a rude meaning and in Malta, Greece and Brazil it has an obscene connotation. The thumb up sign is also subject to careful usage. Dresser ( ) also attests to this when she mentioned in her book that it commonly means okay, but in Australia, Nigeria and even in most Middle Eastern Countries as well, it has a rude connotation. On the other hand, in Japan in means five and lastly in Turkey it means political rightist party. The next gesture is pointing. In the US, people point with their index finger, this in Japan is considered rude. They point with their whole hand. People from Germany on the other hand point with their little finger. The last gesture is the crooked finger. Dresser ( ) stated that in Japan it is an obscene gesture. In Yugoslavia and Malaysia, it is used to call animals. In Indonesia and Australia it is used to beckon prostitutes and in Vietnam, it is used to call inferiors or animals. And lastly in most cultures when this gesture is used between persons of equal status, it is considered as an act of hostility. Oculesics Andrews University defined Oculesics or commonly called Eye Contact as the meeting of the eyes between two individuals. Furthermore, honlulu.hawaii.edu and Management Sciences for Health both agree that eye contact is an important channel of interpersonal communication. The use of eye contact is vital in our day to day interactions and is a very powerful nonverbal cue. Studies have found that people use their eyes to indicate their interest. Matsumoto mentioned in his paper that Watson (1970) classified 30 countries as either a contact culture or a noncontact one. Contact cultures engage in more gazing while noncontact ones had less. Andrews University cited an example of this in one of their articles mentioning that Americans feel uncomfortable with the gaze associated with Arab or Indian communication patterns. Western cultures see direct eye to eye contact as positive. Arabic cultures meanwhile make prolonged eye-contact because in their culture it shows interests and helps them understand truthfulness. Dresser ( ) also attests that Japanese, African, Latin American and Carribean cultures on the other hand avoid eye contact to show respect.